Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) ist ein Baum, dessen Blätter oft als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel zur Verbesserung der kognitiven Fähigkeiten verwendet werden. Diese Blätter enthalten eine Vielzahl von potenziell bioaktiven Verbindungen, einschließlich mehrerer Arten von Flavonoiden und Terpenoiden.

Hauptvorteile: Ginkgo biloba scheint Aspekte der kognitiven Funktion bei Menschen mit Demenz zu verbessern.\[1\] Es gibt auch vorläufige Hinweise darauf, dass Ginkgo die kognitive Funktion bei gesunden Menschen mittleren Alters\ [2\] und bei gesunden älteren Menschen\ [3\] verbessern kann. Es ist unklar, ob Ginkgo die kognitive Funktion bei gesunden jüngeren Menschen verbessern kann, da die meisten Studien zu dieser Population keinen klaren Nutzen berichtet haben.\[4\]

Hauptermängel: Es wurden in humanen klinischen Studien keine signifikanten Sicherheitsbedenken im Zusammenhang mit Ginkgo-biloba-Blattextrakt klar identifiziert. Obwohl Fallstudien darauf hindeuten, dass Ginkgo das Risiko von Blutungen erhöhen könnte,\[1\] hat eine Meta-Analyse von 18 randomisierten kontrollierten Studien kein höheres Blutungsrisiko bei Teilnehmern festgestellt, die standardisierte Extrakte einnahmen.\[2\] Darüber hinaus gab es seltene Berichte über Krampfanfälle bei Personen mit Epilepsie, die Ginkgo supplementierten, möglicherweise aufgrund der Stimulation des enzymatischen Abbaus von Antikonvulsiva.\[1\] Schließlich haben Experimente an Nagetieren gezeigt, dass Ginkgo-Extrakt möglicherweise krebserregend ist.\[3\]

Es gibt keinen gut etablierten Mechanismus, der erklärt, wie Ginkgo biloba die kognitive Funktion verbessert, aber einige Möglichkeiten wurden vorgeschlagen. Dazu gehören eine verbesserte Durchblutung des Gehirns,\[1\] verminderter oxidativer Stress,\[2\] und die Hemmung der neurotoxischen Effekte von Amyloid-beta.\[2\]

Blood Flow Gardner CD, Taylor Piliae RE, Kiazand A, Nicholus J, Rigby AJ, Farquhar JW Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on treadmill walking time among adults with peripheral artery disease: a randomized clinical trial J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. (2008 Jul Aug)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms Mouren X, Caillard P, Schwartz F Study of the antiischemic action of EGb 761 in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease by TcPo2 determination Angiology. (1994 Jun)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms Bauer U 6 Month double blind randomised clinical trial of Ginkgo biloba extract versus placebo in two parallel groups in patients suffering from peripheral arterial insufficiency Arzneimittelforschung. (1984)
Atherosclerotic Signs Rodríguez M, Ringstad L, Schäfer P, Just S, Hofer HW, Malmsten M, Siegel G Reduction of atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in cardiovascular high risk patients Atherosclerosis. (2007 Jun)
Peripheral Vascular Disease Risk Kuller LH, Ives DG, Fitzpatrick AL, Carlson MC, Mercado C, Lopez OL, Burke GL, Furberg CD, DeKosky ST; Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study Investigators Does Ginkgo biloba reduce the risk of cardiovascular events Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. (2010 Jan)
Microcirculation Suter A, Niemer W, Klopp R A new ginkgo fresh plant extract increases microcirculation and radical scavenging activity in elderly patients Adv Ther. (2011 Dec)
ADHD Symptoms Salehi B, Imani R, Mohammadi MR, Fallah J, Mohammadi M, Ghanizadeh A, Tasviechi AA, Vossoughi A, Rezazadeh SA, Akhondzadeh S Ginkgo biloba for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a double blind, randomized controlled trial Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. (2010 Feb 1)
Sleep Quality Hemmeter U, Annen B, Bischof R, Brüderlin U, Hatzinger M, Rose U, Holsboer Trachsler E Polysomnographic effects of adjuvant ginkgo biloba therapy in patients with major depression medicated with trimipramine Pharmacopsychiatry. (2001 Mar)
Libido A J Cohen, B Bartlik Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant induced sexual dysfunction J Sex Marital Ther. (Apr Jun 1998)
Schizophrenia symptoms Doruk A, Uzun O, Ozsahin AA Placebo controlled study of extract of ginkgo biloba added to clozapine in patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia Int Clin Psychopharmacol. (2008 Jul)
Schizophrenia symptoms Atmaca M, Tezcan E, Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Kirtas O The effect of extract of ginkgo biloba addition to olanzapine on therapeutic effect and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2005 Dec)
Schizophrenia symptoms Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Zhang PY, Wu GY, Su JM, Cao LY A double blind, placebo controlled trial of extract of Ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol in treatment resistant patients with schizophrenia J Clin Psychiatry. (2001 Nov)
Tardive Dyskinesia Symptoms Zhang XY, Zhang WF, Zhou DF, Chen da C, Xiu MH, Wu HR, Haile CN, Kosten TA, Kosten TR Brain derived neurotrophic factor levels and its Val66Met gene polymorphism predict tardive dyskinesia treatment response to Ginkgo biloba Biol Psychiatry. (2012 Oct 15)
Attention Attia A, Rapp SR, Case LD, DAgostino R, Lesser G, Naughton M, McMullen K, Rosdhal R, Shaw EG Phase II study of Ginkgo biloba in irradiated brain tumor patients: effect on cognitive function, quality of life, and mood J Neurooncol. (2012 Sep)
Libido Wheatley D Triple blind, placebo controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba in sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant drugs Hum Psychopharmacol. (2004 Dec)
Libido Meston CM, Rellini AH, Telch MJ Short and long term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in women Arch Sex Behav. (2008 Aug)
Reaction Time Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adults Physiol Behav. (2002 Apr 15)
Processing Speed Mix JA, Crews WD Jr An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults J Altern Complement Med. (2000 Jun)
Memory Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Mauri PL, Scholey AB Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine Hum Psychopharmacol. (2007 Jun)
Memory Mix JA, Crews WD Jr A double blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings Hum Psychopharmacol. (2002 Aug)
Cognition Santos RF, Galduróz JC, Barbieri A, Castiglioni ML, Ytaya LY, Bueno OF Cognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non demented people using Ginkgo biloba Pharmacopsychiatry. (2003 Jul)
Cognition Yancheva S, Ihl R, Nikolova G, Panayotov P, Schlaefke S, Hoerr R, GINDON Study Group Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R), donepezil or both combined in the treatment of Alzheimers disease with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, double blind, exploratory trial Aging Ment Health. (2009 Mar)
Cognition Andrew B Scholey, David O Kennedy Acute, dose dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand Hum Psychopharmacol. (2002 Jan)
Cognitive Decline Ihl R, Tribanek M, Bachinskaya N, GOTADAY Study Group Efficacy and tolerability of a once daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia: results from a randomised controlled trial Pharmacopsychiatry. (2012 Mar)
Cerebral Blood Flow Ameneh Mashayekh, Dzung L Pham, David M Yousem, Mercedes Dizon, Peter B Barker, Doris D M Lin Effects of Ginkgo biloba on cerebral blood flow assessed by quantitative MR perfusion imaging: a pilot study Neuroradiology. (2011 Mar)
Cognitive Decline Napryeyenko O, Borzenko I; GINDEM NP Study Group Ginkgo biloba special extract in dementia with neuropsychiatric features. A randomised, placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial Arzneimittelforschung. (2007)
Cognitive Decline Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr R Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi infarct dementia Pharmacopsychiatry. (1996 Mar)
Cognitive Decline Herrschaft H, Nacu A, Likhachev S, Sholomov I, Hoerr R, Schlaefke Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, placebo controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of a daily dose of 240 mg J Psychiatr Res. (2012 Jun)
Cognitive Decline Zhang SJ, Xue ZY Effect of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet on vascular cognitive impairment of none dementia Asian Pac J Trop Med. (2012 Aug)
Cognitive Decline Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF A placebo controlled, double blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA. (1997)
Alzheimers Disease Risk DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Ives DG, Saxton JA, Lopez OL, Burke G, Carlson MC, Fried LP, Kuller LH, Robbins JA, Tracy RP, Woolard NF, Dunn L, Snitz BE, Nahin RL, Furberg CD; Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial JAMA. (2008 Nov 19)
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms Gertsch JH, Seto TB, Mor J, Onopa J Ginkgo biloba for the prevention of severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) starting one day before rapid ascent High Alt Med Biol. (2002 Spring)
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms Gertsch JH, Basnyat B, Johnson EW, Onopa J, Holck PS Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled comparison of ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for prevention of acute mountain sickness among Himalayan trekkers: the prevention of high altitude illness trial (PHAIT) BMJ. (2004 Apr 3)
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms Leadbetter G, Keyes LE, Maakestad KM, Olson S, Tissot van Patot MC, Hackett PH Ginkgo biloba does and does not prevent acute mountain sickness Wilderness Environ Med. (2009 Spring)
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms Moraga FA, Flores A, Serra J, Esnaola C, Barriento C Ginkgo biloba decreases acute mountain sickness in people ascending to high altitude at Ollagüe (3696 m) in northern Chile Wilderness Environ Med. (2007 Winter)
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms Chow T, Browne V, Heileson HL, Wallace D, Anholm J, Green SM Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness: a randomized, placebo controlled trial Arch Intern Med. (2005 Feb 14)
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms Roncin JP, Schwartz F, DArbigny P EGb 761 in control of acute mountain sickness and vascular reactivity to cold exposure Aviat Space Environ Med. (1996 May)
Tinnitus Symptoms Seon Sook Han, Eui Cheol Nam, Jun Yeon Won, Kang Uk Lee, Wanjoo Chun, Hyun Kyung Choi, Robert Aaron Levine Clonazepam quiets tinnitus: a randomised crossover study with Ginkgo biloba J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (2012 Aug)
Tinnitus Symptoms Hilton MP, Zimmermann EF, Hunt WT Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2013 Mar 28)
Tinnitus Symptoms Drew S, Davies E Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial BMJ. (2001 Jan 13)
Nitric Oxide Li XS, Zheng WY, Lou SX, Lu XW, Ye SH Effect of Ginkgo leaf extract on vascular endothelial function in patients with early stage diabetic nephropathy Chin J Integr Med. (2009 Feb)
Sleep Quality Murray BJ, Cowen PJ, Sharpley AL The effect of Li 1370, extract of Ginkgo biloba, on REM sleep in humans Pharmacopsychiatry. (2001 Jul)
Stroke Recovery Zeng X, Liu M, Yang Y, Li Y, Asplund K Ginkgo biloba for acute ischaemic stroke Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2005 Oct 19)
Cognitive Decline Vellas B, Coley N, Ousset PJ, Berrut G, Dartigues JF, Dubois B, Grandjean H, Pasquier F, Piette F, Robert P, Touchon J, Garnier P, Mathiex Fortunet H, Andrieu S, GuidAge Study Group Long term use of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimers disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo controlled trial Lancet Neurol. (2012 Oct)
PMS Symptoms Tamborini A, Taurelle R Value of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in the management of congestive symptoms of premenstrual syndrome Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. (1993 Jul Sep)
Intraocular Pressure Wimpissinger B, Berisha F, Garhoefer G, Polak K, Schmetterer L Influence of Ginkgo biloba on ocular blood flow Acta Ophthalmol Scand. (2007 Jun)
Intraocular Pressure Quaranta L, Bettelli S, Uva MG, Semeraro F, Turano R, Gandolfo E Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage in normal tension glaucoma Ophthalmology. (2003 Feb)
Intraocular Pressure Chung HS, Harris A, Kristinsson JK, Ciulla TA, Kagemann C, Ritch G Ginkgo biloba extract increases ocular blood flow velocity J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. (1999 Jun)
PMS Symptoms Ozgoli G, Selselei EA, Mojab F, Majd HA A randomized, placebo controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba L. in treatment of premenstrual syndrome J Altern Complement Med. (2009 Aug)
Subjective Well Being Kaschel R Specific memory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in middle aged healthy volunteers Phytomedicine. (2011 Nov 15)
Blood Pressure Mehlsen J, Drabaek H, Wiinberg N, Winther K Effects of a Ginkgo biloba extract on forearm haemodynamics in healthy volunteers Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. (2002 Nov)
Blood Pressure Brinkley TE, Lovato JF, Arnold AM, Furberg CD, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Nahin RL, Lopez OL, Yasar S, Williamson JD; Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators Effect of Ginkgo biloba on blood pressure and incidence of hypertension in elderly men and women Am J Hypertens. (2010 May)
Blood Pressure Gillian Keheyan, Lauren A Dunn, Wendy Louise Hall Acute effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular function and blood pressure Plant Foods Hum Nutr. (2011 Sep)
Reaction Time K. Wesnes, D. Simmons, M. Rook, P. Simpson A double blind placebo controlled trial of tanakan in the treatment of idiopathic cognitive impairment in the elderly Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. ()
Cognitive Decline Brautigam MR, Blommaert FA, Verleye G, Castermans J, Jansen Steur EN, Kleijnen J Treatment of age related memory complaints with Ginkgo biloba extract: a randomized double blind placebo controlled study Phytomedicine. (1998 Dec)
Cognitive Decline Snitz BE, OMeara ES, Carlson MC, Arnold AM, Ives DG, Rapp SR, Saxton J, Lopez OL, Dunn LO, Sink KM, DeKosky ST, Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial JAMA. (2009 Dec 23)
Memory Bäurle P, Suter A, Wormstall H Safety and effectiveness of a traditional ginkgo fresh plant extract results from a clinical trial Forsch Komplementmed. (2009 Jun)
Overall Cancer Risk Biggs ML, Sorkin BC, Nahin RL, Kuller LH, Fitzpatrick AL Ginkgo biloba and risk of cancer: secondary analysis of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. (2010 Jul)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms Pittler MH, Ernst Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of intermittent claudication: a meta analysis of randomized trials Am J Med. (2000 Mar)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms Thomson GJ, Vohra RK, Carr MH, Walker MG A clinical trial of Ginkgo Biloba Extract in patients with intermittent claudication Int Angiol. (1990 Apr Jun)
Intermittent Claudication Symptoms Peters H, Kieser M, Hölscher U Demonstration of the efficacy of ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on intermittent claudication a placebo controlled, double blind multicenter trial Vasa. (1998 May)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Lovera JF, Kim E, Heriza E, Fitzpatrick M, Hunziker J, Turner AP, Adams J, Stover T, Sangeorzan A, Sloan A, Howieson D, Wild K, Haselkorn J, Bourdette D Ginkgo biloba does not improve cognitive function in MS: a randomized placebo controlled trial Neurology. (2012 Sep 18)
Wrinkles P Chuarienthong, N Lourith, P Leelapornpisid Clinical efficacy comparison of anti wrinkle cosmetics containing herbal flavonoids Int J Cosmet Sci. (2010 Apr)
Blood Flow Boelsma E, Lamers RJ, Hendriks HF, van Nesselrooij JH, Roza L Evidence of the regulatory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on skin blood flow and study of its effects on urinary metabolites in healthy humans Planta Med. (2004 Nov)
Cortisol Jezova D, Duncko R, Lassanova M, Kriska M, Moncek F Reduction of rise in blood pressure and cortisol release during stress by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in healthy volunteers J Physiol Pharmacol. (2002 Sep)
Libido Kang BJ, Lee SJ, Kim MD, Cho MJ A placebo controlled, double blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant induced sexual dysfunction Hum Psychopharmacol. (2002 Aug)
Raynauds Phenomenon Symptoms Bredie SJ, Jong MC No significant effect of ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in the treatment of primary Raynaud phenomenon: a randomized controlled trial J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. (2012 Mar)
Raynauds Phenomenon Symptoms Choi WS, Choi CJ, Kim KS, Lee JH, Song CH, Chung JH, Ock SM, Lee JB, Kim CM To compare the efficacy and safety of nifedipine sustained release with Ginkgo biloba extract to treat patients with primary Raynauds phenomenon in South Korea; Korean Raynaud study (KOARA study) Clin Rheumatol. (2009 May)
Vitiligo Symptoms Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo Clin Exp Dermatol. (2003 May)
Vitiligo Symptoms Orest Szczurko, Neil Shear, Anna Taddio, Heather Boon Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of vitilgo vulgaris: an open label pilot clinical trial BMC Complement Altern Med. (2011 Mar 15)
Autism Symptoms Niederhofer H First preliminary results of an observation of Ginkgo Biloba treating patients with autistic disorder Phytother Res. (2009 Nov)
Autism Symptoms Hasanzadeh E, Mohammadi MR, Ghanizadeh A, Rezazadeh SA, Tabrizi M, Rezaei F, Akhondzadeh S A double blind placebo controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba added to risperidone in patients with autistic disorders Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. (2012 Oct)
Anxiety Symptoms Woelk H, Arnoldt KH, Kieser M, Hoerr R Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial J Psychiatr Res. (2007 Sep)
Ocular Blood Flow Park JW, Kwon HJ, Chung WS, Kim CY, Seong GJ Short term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on peripapillary retinal blood flow in normal tension glaucoma Korean J Ophthalmol. (2011 Oct)
Urinary Albumin Zhang Z, Tang S, Liu S, Leng Y, Fu X, Xie H, Gao H, Xie C The efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves extract combined with ACEI/ARB on diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. (2024)
6 Minute Walking Test Performance Sun X, Peng L, Xiao W, Li K, Chen S Efficacy of ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. (2025)