Safran

Saffran (Crocus sativus L.) ist eine blühende Pflanze aus der Familie der Schwertlilien, die in verschiedenen Bereichen für ihren Geschmack, ihr Aroma, ihre Pigmente und ihre medizinischen Eigenschaften verwendet wird. Saffran, manchmal als \rotes Gold\ bezeichnet, ist das teuerste Gewürz der Welt und wird überwiegend im Iran produziert. Der begehrteste Teil der Saffranpflanze sind die getrockneten roten Narben, die über 150 bioaktive Verbindungen enthalten, einschließlich Carotinoide (Crocin, Crocetin), Terpene (Picrocrocin, Safranal) und viele andere Phytochemikalien.

Hauptevorteile: Safran ist ein potenter Antioxidant und hat konsistente Vorteile bei Depressionen gezeigt. Wenn Safran bei Menschen mit leichter bis moderater Depression angewendet wird, scheint er überlegen gegenüber Placebo und vergleichbar mit einigen gängigen Antidepressiva (z. B. Fluoxetin, Citalopram) zu sein, wenn es darum geht, die Symptome der Depression zu reduzieren und Remission zu erreichen. Safran kann auch die Symptome von Angstzuständen reduzieren, jedoch ist dieser Effekt weniger eindeutig nachgewiesen. Während die Beweislage vielversprechend ist, wurden nahezu alle klinischen Studien im Iran durchgeführt, die Stichprobengrößen waren klein (<100 Personen) und die Dauer war kurz (<=12 Wochen). Größere und längere Studien in vielfältigeren Populationen sind erforderlich, um diese Effekte weiter zu validieren und festzustellen, ob die Vorteile über die Zeit bestehen bleiben.

Main drawbacks: Die häufigsten Nebenwirkungen von Safran sind Übelkeit, Veränderungen des Appetits, trockener Mund, Kopfschmerzen, Angstzustände und Schläfrigkeit.\ Änderungen bei Blutparametern wurden in Studien mit Dosen von 60–400 mg täglich berichtet, obwohl unklar ist, ob dies klinische Auswirkungen hat.\ Bei übermäßig hohen Dosen (1.200–2.000 mg) wurde berichtet, dass Safran Erbrechen, Durchfall und Blutungen verursacht.\ Die Supplementierung mit isoliertem Crocin (einer der aktiven Verbindungen im Safran) in normalen Dosen kann die Serums-Kreatininwerte erhöhen, was auf ein Risiko für Nierenschäden hindeuten könnte.\ Es bestehen Bedenken hinsichtlich der Qualität von Safran-Präparaten. Einige der wichtigen Verbindungen im Safran sind empfindlich gegenüber Licht, Sauerstoff und Temperatur. Darüber hinaus kann die Art und Weise, wie Safran angebaut, geerntet und verarbeitet wird, seine chemische Zusammensetzung verändern. Aufgrund seines hohen wirtschaftlichen Wertes war Safran auch historisch anfällig für Verfälschungen.\ Diese Faktoren können zu großen Variationen in den Typen und Mengen der aktiven Verbindungen in einem Safran-Präparat führen, was die Wirksamkeit beeinträchtigen könnte. Die Wahl eines Präparats, das von Dritten getestet wurde, kann helfen, die Qualität sicherzustellen.\ Schließlich wurde die meiste Forschung zu Safran in Iran durchgeführt, und seine Auswirkungen auf andere Populationen müssen weiter validiert werden.

Saffran enthält viele aktive Verbindungen, aber Crocin, Crocetin, Safranal und Picrocrocin gelten als die wichtigsten. Nach dem Verzehr werden einige dieser Verbindungen im Magen-Darm-Trakt umgewandelt, und die Hauptverbindung, die im Blut gefunden wird, scheint Crocetin zu sein (obwohl in diesem Bereich weitere Forschung erforderlich ist). Präklinische Studien deuten darauf hin, dass Saffran das Gehirn auf verschiedene Weise beeinflussen kann, was wahrscheinlich seine Auswirkungen auf Stimmung und Kognition erklärt. Saffran könnte die Wiederaufnahme bestimmter Neurotransmitter – wie Dopamin, Serotonin und Noradrenalin – verhindern, was deren Wirkung verlängert. Saffran könnte auch mit der HPA-Achse interagieren, wodurch die Cortisolspiegel gesenkt werden, und könnte die Neuroplastizität beeinflussen, indem es den brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) erhöht. Als Antioxidans könnte Saffran die Expression des nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) erhöhen, was zu erhöhten levels von Antioxidantienenzymen und einer insgesamt verbesserten antioxidativen Kapazität führt. In Tierstudien hat Saffran den oxidativen Stress im Gehirngewebe verringert.

Insomnia Signs and Symptoms Adrian L Lopresti, Stephen J Smith, Alexandra P Metse, Peter D DrummondEffects of saffron on sleep quality in healthy adults with self reported poor sleep: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trialJ Clin Sleep Med.(2020 Jun 15)
Sleep Quality Graham Kell, Amanda Rao, Gavin Beccaria, Paul Clayton, Antonio Manuel Inarejos García, Marin Prodanovaffron ® a novel saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) improves mood in healthy adults over 4 weeks in a double blind, parallel, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trialComplement Ther Med.(2017 Aug)
Sleep Quality Shahdadi H, Balouchi A, Dehghanmehr S Effect of saffron oral capsule on anxiety and quality of sleep of diabetic patients in a tertiary healthcare facility in southeastern Iran: A quasi experimental studyTrop J Pharm Res.()
Lactate Dehydrogenase Ghanbari Niaki A, et alEffect of Crocus Sativus Linnaeus (saffron) supplementations combined with circuit resistance training on total creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase MB levels in young untrained menScience & Sports.()
Muscle Soreness Meamarbashi A, Rajabi APreventive effects of 10 day supplementation with saffron and indomethacin on the delayed onset muscle sorenessClin J Sport Med.(2015 Mar)
Blood Pressure Mostafa Asadollahi, Parisa Nikdokht, Boshra Hatef, Seyed Shahabeddin Sadr, Hedayat Sahraei, Farhad Assarzadegan, Gila Pirzad JahromiProtective properties of the aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in ischemic stroke, randomized clinical trialJ Ethnopharmacol.(2019 Jun 28)
Creatinine Kianbakht S, Ghazavi AImmunomodulatory effects of saffron: a randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trialPhytother Res.(2011 Dec)
TNF Alpha Hajieh Shahbazian, Armaghan Moravej Aleali, Reza Amani, Foroogh Namjooyan, Bahman Cheraghian, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi, Sara Bahrainian, Ataallah GhadiriEffects of saffron on homocysteine, and antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double blind clinical trialAvicenna J Phytomed.(Sep Oct 2019)
Triglycerides Nasim Abedimanesh, S Zahra Bathaie, Saeed Abedimanesh, Behrooz Motlagh, Ahmad Separham, Alireza OstadrahimiSaffron and crocin improved appetite, dietary intakes and body composition in patients with coronary artery diseaseJ Cardiovasc Thorac Res.(2017)
Triglycerides Milajerdi A, Jazayeri S, Hashemzadeh N, Shirzadi E, Derakhshan Z, Djazayeri A, Akhondzadeh SThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple blinded randomized clinical trialJ Res Med Sci.(2018 Feb 20)
Weight Gout B, Bourges C, Paineau Dubreuil SSatiereal, a Crocus sativus L extract, reduces snacking and increases satiety in a randomized placebo controlled study of mildly overweight, healthy womenNutr Res.(2010 May)
Visual acuity (VA) Dario Marangoni, Benedetto Falsini, Marco Piccardi, Lucia Ambrosio, Angelo Maria Minnella, Maria Cristina Savastano, Silvia Bisti, Rita Maccarone, Antonello Fadda, Enrica Mello, Paola Concolino, Ettore CapoluongoFunctional effect of Saffron supplementation and risk genotypes in early age related macular degeneration: a preliminary reportJ Transl Med.(2013 Sep 25)
Visual acuity (VA) Geoffrey K Broadhead, John R Grigg, Peter McCluskey, Thomas Hong, Timothy E Schlub, Andrew A ChangSaffron therapy for the treatment of mild/moderate age related macular degeneration: a randomised clinical trialGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.(2019 Jan)
Retinal Function Alireza Lashay, Gholamreza Sadough, Elham Ashrafi, Mohammadreza Lashay, Morteza Movassat, Shahin AkhondzadehShort term Outcomes of Saffron Supplementation in Patients with Age related Macular Degeneration: A Double blind, Placebo controlled, Randomized TrialMed Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol.(Spring 2016)
Anxiety Symptoms A Ghajar, S M Neishabouri, N Velayati, L Jahangard, N Matinnia, M Haghighi, A Ghaleiha, M Afarideh, S Salimi, A Meysamie, S AkhondzadehCrocus sativus L. versus Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Anxious Distress: A Double Blind, Controlled Clinical TrialPharmacopsychiatry.(2017 Jul)
Anxiety Symptoms Alireza Milajerdi, Shima Jazayeri, Elham Shirzadi, Najmeh Hashemzadeh, Atieh Azizgol, Abolghassem Djazayery, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Shahin AkhondzadehThe effects of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus satious L.) on mild to moderate comorbid depression anxiety, sleep quality, and life satisfaction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double blind, randomized and placebo controlled clinical trialComplement Ther Med.(2018 Dec)
Anxiety Symptoms Ehsan Moazen Zadeh, Seyed Hesameddin Abbasi, Hamideh Safi Aghdam, Nazila Shahmansouri, Akram Arjmandi Beglar, Azita Hajhosseinn Talasaz, Abbas Salehiomran, Saeedeh Forghani, Shahin AkhondzadehEffects of Saffron on Cognition, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled TrialJ Altern Complement Med.(2018 Apr)
Anxiety Symptoms Mohsen Mazidi, Maryam Shemshian, Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Abdolreza Norouzy, Tayebe Kermani, Toktam Moghiman, Akram Sadeghi, Naghme Mokhber, Majid Ghayour Mobarhan, Gordon A A FernsA double blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depressionJ Complement Integr Med.(2016 Jun 1)
Anxiety Symptoms Shafiee A, Jafarabady K, Seighali N, Mohammadi I, Rajai Firouz Abadi S, Abhari FS, Bakhtiyari MEffect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutr Rev.(2024 Jun 24)
Anxiety Symptoms Wolfgang Marx, Melissa Lane, Tetyana Rocks, Anu Ruusunen, Amy Loughman, Adrian Lopresti, Skye Marshall, Michael Berk, Felice Jacka, Olivia M DeanEffect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta analysisNutr Rev.(2019 May 28)
Anxiety Symptoms Dormal V, Suchareau M, Copine S, Simar L, Deldicque LThe Effects of Combined Scutellaria and Saffron Supplementation on Mood Regulation in Participants with Mild to Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study.Nutrients.(2025 Feb 26)
Weight Shahin Akhondzadeh, Seyed Ali Mostafavi, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Saeed Hosseini, Mohammad Reza EshraghianA placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on depression and food craving among overweight women with mild to moderate depressionJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2020 Feb)
Sexual Function Kashani L, Raisi F, Saroukhani S, Sohrabi H, Modabbernia A, Nasehi AA, Jamshidi A, Ashrafi M, Mansouri P, Ghaeli P, Akhondzadeh SSaffron for treatment of fluoxetine induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double blind placebo controlled studyHum Psychopharmacol.(2013 Jan)
Depression Symptoms Mohammad Ahmadpanah, Fatemeh Ramezanshams, Ali Ghaleiha, Shahin Akhondzadeh, Dena Sadeghi Bahmani, Serge BrandCrocus Sativus L. (saffron) versus sertraline on symptoms of depression among older people with major depressive disorders a double blind, randomized intervention studyPsychiatry Res.(2019 Dec)
Depression Symptoms Gholamali Jelodar, Zahra Javid, Ali Sahraian, Sina JelodarSaffron improved depression and reduced homocysteine level in patients with major depression: A Randomized, double blind studyAvicenna J Phytomed.(Jan Feb 2018)
Depression Symptoms Moshiri E, Basti AA, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Hesameddin Abbasi S, Akhondzadeh SCrocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double blind, randomized and placebo controlled trialPhytomedicine.(2006 Nov)
Depression Symptoms Nazila Shahmansouri, Mehdi Farokhnia, Seyed Hesammeddin Abbasi, Seyed Ebrahim Kassaian, Ahmad Ali Noorbala Tafti, Amirhossein Gougol, Habibeh Yekehtaz, Saeedeh Forghani, Mehran Mahmoodian, Sepideh Saroukhani, Akram Arjmandi Beglar, Shahin AkhondzadehA randomized, double blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patientsJ Affect Disord.(2014 Feb)
Depression Symptoms Akhondzadeh B, Ghoreishi S, Noorbala A, Akhondzadeh S, Rezazadeh SPetal and Stigma of Crocus sativus L. in the Treatment of Depression: A Pilot Double blind Randomized Trial J Med Plants.()
Depression Symptoms Akhondzadeh Basti A, Moshiri E, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Abbasi SH, Akhondzadeh SComparison of petal of Crocus sativus L. and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients: a pilot double blind randomized trialProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.(2007 Mar 30)
Depression Symptoms Ladan Kashani, Sophia Esalatmanesh, Farzaneh Eftekhari, Samrand Salimi, Tahereh Foroughifar, Farnaz Etesam, Hamideh Safiaghdam, Ehsan Moazen Zadeh, Shahin AkhondzadehEfficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in treatment of major depressive disorder associated with post menopausal hot flashes: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trialArch Gynecol Obstet.(2018 Mar)
Depression Symptoms Adrian L Lopresti, Stephen J Smith, Sean D Hood, Peter D DrummondEfficacy of a standardised saffron extract (affron®) as an add on to antidepressant medication for the treatment of persistent depressive symptoms in adults: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled studyJ Psychopharmacol.(2019 Nov)
Depression Symptoms A A Noorbala, S Akhondzadeh, N Tahmacebi Pour, A H JamshidiHydro alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double blind, randomized pilot trialJ Ethnopharmacol.(2005 Feb 28)
Depression Symptoms Akhondzadeh S, Fallah Pour H, Afkham K, Jamshidi AH, Khalighi Cigaroudi FComparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double blind randomized trial ISRCTN45683816BMC Complement Altern Med.(2004 Sep 2)
Depression Symptoms Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi Pour N, Noorbala AA, Amini H, Fallah Pour H, Jamshidi AH, Khani MCrocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double blind, randomized and placebo controlled trialPhytother Res.(2005 Feb)
Depression Symptoms Ali Sahraian, Sina Jelodar, Zahra Javid, Arash Mowla, Laaya AhmadzadehStudy the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: A double blind comparative studyAsian J Psychiatr.(2016 Aug)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S, Hejazi SSh, Yousefi MH, Alimardani R, Jamshidi A, Zare F, Moradi ASaffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimers disease: a 16 week, randomized and placebo controlled trialJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2010 Oct)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Mehdi Farokhnia, Mehdi Shafiee Sabet, Negar Iranpour, Amirhossein Gougol, Habibeh Yekehtaz, Roozbeh Alimardani, Farzaneh Farsad, Maryam Kamalipour, Shahin AkhondzadehComparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimers disease: a double blind randomized clinical trialHum Psychopharmacol.(2014 Jul)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S, Hejazi SS, Yousefi MH, Alimardani R, Jamshidi A, Rezazadeh SA, Yousefi A, Zare F, Moradi A, Vossoughi AA 22 week, multicenter, randomized, double blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimers diseasePsychopharmacology (Berl).(2010 Jan)
Blood glucose Zhang JW, Zhao Q, Li Z, Liu Q, Zang SS, Liu SThe effect of saffron supplementation on liver and kidney function, blood glucose and pressure in patients with diabetes and prediabetes: A grade assessed systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.(2025 Jan 14)
Blood glucose Armaghan Moravej Aleali, Reza Amani, Hajieh Shahbazian, Frough Namjooyan, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi, Bahman CheraghianThe effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double blind clinical trialPhytother Res.(2019 Jun)
Blood glucose Paria Azimi, Reza Ghiasvand, Awat Feizi, Mitra Hariri, Behnoud AbbasiEffects of Cinnamon, Cardamom, Saffron, and Ginger Consumption on Markers of Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes PatientsRev Diabet Stud.(Fall Winter 2014)
Blood glucose Fatemeh Ebrahimi, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Naheed Aryaeian, Naseh Pahlavani, Soudabeh Fallah, Nariman Moradi, Davoud Abbasi, Agha Fatemeh HosseiniEffects Of Saffron Supplementation On Inflammation And Metabolic Responses In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled TrialDiabetes Metab Syndr Obes.(2019 Oct 14)
Blood glucose Amatto PPG, Chaves L, Braga GG, Carmona F, Pereira AMSEffect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and crocin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta analysis.J Ethnopharmacol.(2023 Sep 29)
sICAM 1 Paria Azimi, Reza Ghiasvand, Awat Feizi, Javad Hosseinzadeh, Maryam Bahreynian, Mitra Hariri, Hossein Khosravi BoroujeniEffect of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron and ginger consumption on blood pressure and a marker of endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trialBlood Press.(2016 Jun)
Urea Milajerdi A, et alThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydro alcoholic extract on liver and renal functions in type 2 diabetic patients: A double blinded randomized and placebo control trialJournal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism.()
Erections Hossein Mohammadzadeh Moghadam, Seyed Mohammad Nazari, Ali Shamsa, Mohammad Kamalinejad, Habibollah Esmaeili, Amir Abbas Asadpour, Abdoljavad KhajaviEffects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel Group, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled TrialJ Evid Based Complementary Altern Med.(2015 Oct)
Depression Symptoms Modabbernia A, Sohrabi H, Nasehi AA, Raisi F, Saroukhani S, Jamshidi A, Tabrizi M, Ashrafi M, Akhondzadeh SEffect of saffron on fluoxetine induced sexual impairment in men: randomized double blind placebo controlled trialPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2012 Oct)
Erections Maleki Saghooni N, Mirzaeii K, Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghi R, Irani MA systematic review and meta analysis of clinical trials on saffron (Crocus sativus) effectiveness and safety on erectile dysfunction and semen parameters.Avicenna J Phytomed.(2018 May Jun)
Erections Ali Shamsa, Hossein Hosseinzadeh, Mahmood Molaei, Mohammad Taghi Shakeri, Omid RajabiEvaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot studyPhytomedicine.(2009 Aug)
Hemoglobin Modaghegh MH, Shahabian M, Esmaeili HA, Rajbai O, Hosseinzadeh HSafety evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus) tablets in healthy volunteersPhytomedicine.(2008 Dec)
Blood Pressure Mohammad Zamani, Mahtab Zarei, Mahlagha Nikbaf Shandiz, Fatemeh Gholami, Amir Mehdi Hosseini, Maryam Nadery, Farideh Shiraseb, Omid AsbaghiThe effects of saffron supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose response meta analysisFront Nutr.(2022 Dec 8)
Blood Clotting Hossein Ayatollahi, Atefeh Ordoei Javan, Mohammad Khajedaluee, Masood Shahroodian, Hossein HosseinzadehEffect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on coagulation and anticoagulation systems in healthy volunteersPhytother Res.(2014 Apr)
Cervix Readiness (Pregnancy) Roghaieh Sadi, Sakineh Mohammad Alizadeh Charandabi, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Yousef Javadzadeh, Afkham Ahmadi BonabiEffect of Saffron (Fan Hong Hua) On the Readiness of The Uterine Cervix In Term Pregnancy: A Placebo Controlled Randomized TrialIran Red Crescent Med J.(2016 Jun 20)
Depression Symptoms Adrian L Lopresti, Peter D Drummond, Antonio M Inarejos García, Marin Prodanovaffron ®, a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled studyJ Affect Disord.(2018 May)
Weight Tahmasbi F, Araj Khodaei M, Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie SEffects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytother Res.(2022 Sep)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Karimi Nazari E, et alEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.()
Sperm Count Elham Karimi Nazari, Azadeh Nadjarzadeh, Roghayyeh Masoumi, Ameneh Marzban, Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri, Nahid Ramezani Jolfaie, Amin Salehi AbargoueiEffect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double blinded, randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.(2019 Dec)
Intraocular Pressure Fernando Cardona, Francisco J Tinahones, Eduardo Collantes, Eduardo Garcia Fuentes, Alejandro Escudero, Federico SoriguerResponse to a urate lowering diet according to polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein AI CIII AIV clusterJ Rheumatol.(2005 May)
HbA1c Yan X, Zhao S, Feng X, Li X, Zhou Q, Chen QEffects of Crocus sativus on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab (Lond).(2024 May 25)
High density lipoprotein (HDL) Jamal Rahmani, Nicla Manzari, Jacqueline Thompson, Cain C T Clark, Gemma Villanueva, Hamed Kord Varkaneh, Parvin MirmiranThe effect of saffron on weight and lipid profile: A systematic review, meta analysis, and dose response of randomized clinical trialsPhytother Res.(2019 Sep)
LDL Oxidation S K Verma, A BordiaAntioxidant property of Saffron in manIndian J Med Sci.(1998 May)
Serum T3 Bentolhoda Mousavi, Seyedeh Zahra Bathaie, Farbod Fadai, Zabihollah Ashtari, Neda Ali Beigi, Sara Farhang, Sara Hashempour, Nasim Shahhamzei, Hamid HeidarzadehSafety evaluation of saffron stigma (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract and crocin in patients with schizophreniaAvicenna J Phytomed.(Sep Oct 2015)
Anxiety Symptoms Jafarnia N, et alEffect of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as an Add On Therapy to Sertraline in Mild to Moderate Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled TrialArch Neurosci.()
Depression Symptoms Sue Gessler, Michael King, Alessandra Lemma, Julie Barber, Louise Jones, Susan Dunning, Val Madden, Stephen Pilling, Rachael Hunter, Peter Fonagy, Karen Summerville, Nicola MacDonald, Adeola Olaitan, Anne LanceleyStepped approach to improving sexual function after gynaecological cancer: the SAFFRON feasibility RCTHealth Technol Assess.(2019 Feb)
TNF Alpha Zahra Hamidi, Naheed Aryaeian, Jamileh Abolghasemi, Fatemeh Shirani, Mahsa Hadidi, Soudabeh Fallah, Nariman MoradiThe effect of saffron supplement on clinical outcomes and metabolic profiles in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trialPhytother Res.(2020 Jul)
Seminal Motility Mohammad Heidary, Sepideh Vahhabi, Jahanbakhsh Reza Nejadi, Bahram Delfan, Mehdi Birjandi, Hossein Kaviani, Soudabeh GivradEffect of saffron on semen parameters of infertile menUrol J.(Fall 2008)
Seminal Motility Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N, Safarinejad SA prospective double blind randomized placebo controlled study of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on semen parameters and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermiaPhytother Res.(2011 Apr)
C Reactive Protein (CRP) Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Marzie Zilaee, Maryam Haddadzadeh Shoushtari, Mohammad Ghasemi DehcheshmehAn evaluation of the effect of saffron supplementation on the antibody titer to heat shock protein (HSP) 70, hsCRP and spirometry test in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: A triple blind, randomized placebo controlled trialRespir Med.(2018 Dec)
Blood Pressure Marzie Zilaee, Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Sima Jafarirad, Farhad Abolnezhadian, Bahman Cheraghian, Foroogh Namjoyan, Ataollah GhadiriAn evaluation of the effects of saffron supplementation on the asthma clinical symptoms and asthma severity in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: a double blind, randomized placebo controlled trialRespir Res.(2019 Feb 22)
Hip Circumference Soukhtanloo M, et alEffect of saffron on serum leptin levels in patients with metabolic syndrome, a double blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial studyProg Nutr.()
Hip Circumference Tayebe Kermani, Maedeh Zebarjadi, Hassan Mehrad Majd, Seyed Reza Mirhafez, Maryam Shemshian, Faezeh Ghasemi, Elham Mohammadzadeh, Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Abdolreza Norouzy, Toktam Moghiman, Akram Sadeghi, Gordon Ferns, Amir Avan, Elaheh Mahdipour, Majid Ghayour MobarhanAnti Inflammatory Effect of Crocus sativus on Serum Cytokine Levels in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled TrialCurr Clin Pharmacol.(2017)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Tayyebeh Kermani, Seyyed Hadi Mousavi, Maryam Shemshian, Abdolreza Norouzy, Mohsen Mazidi, Atefeh Moezzi, Toktam Moghiman, Majid Ghayour Mobarhan, Gordon A FernsSaffron supplements modulate serum pro oxidant antioxidant balance in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, placebo controlled clinical trialAvicenna J Phytomed.(Sep Oct 2015)
Depression Symptoms Mansoor Shakiba, Ehsan Moazen Zadeh, Ahmad Ali Noorbala, Morteza Jafarinia, Parisa Divsalar, Ladan Kashani, Nazila Shahmansouri, Abbas Tafakhori, Hannaneh Bayat, Shahin AkhondzadehSaffron ( Crocus sativus) versus duloxetine for treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: A randomized double blind clinical trialAvicenna J Phytomed.(Nov Dec 2018)
Short Term Memory (Simple) Ghodrat M, Sahraei S, Razjouyan J, Meftahi GEffects of a Saffron Alcoholic Extract on Visual ShortTerm Memory in Humans: a Psychophysical StudyNeurophysiol .()
Depression Symptoms Magda Tsolaki, Elina Karathanasi, Ioulietta Lazarou, Kostas Dovas, Eleni Verykouki, Anastasios Karacostas, Kostas Georgiadis, Anthoula Tsolaki, Katerina Adam, Ioannis Kompatsiaris, Zacharias SinakosEfficacy and Safety of Crocus sativus L. in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: One Year Single Blind Randomized, with Parallel Groups, Clinical TrialJ Alzheimers Dis.(2016 Jul 27)
Estrogen Fukui H, Toyoshima K, Komaki RPsychological and neuroendocrinological effects of odor of saffron (Crocus sativus)Phytomedicine.(2011 Jun 15)
PMS Symptoms Agha Hosseini M, Kashani L, Aleyaseen A, Ghoreishi A, Rahmanpour H, Zarrinara AR, Akhondzadeh SCrocus sativus L. (saffron) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double blind, randomised and placebo controlled trialBJOG.(2008 Mar)
PMS Symptoms Beiranvanda S, et alThe effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) on the severity of premenstrual syndromeEur J Integr Med.()
Blood glucose Mansoori P, et alA Randomized, Double blind, Placebo controlled Study of Safety of the Adjunctive Saffron on Sexual Dysfunction Induced by a Selective Serotonin Reuptake InhibitorJ Med Plant .()
Sexual Function Ranjbar H, Ashrafizaveh AEffects of saffron (Crocus sativus) on sexual dysfunction among men and women: A systematic review and meta analysis.Avicenna J Phytomed.(2019 Sep Oct)
Attention Sara Baziar, Ali Aqamolaei, Ebrahim Khadem, Seyyed Hosein Mortazavi, Sina Naderi, Erfan Sahebolzamani, Amirhosein Mortezaei, Shakiba Jalilevand, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Mahsa Shahmirzadi, Shahin AkhondzadehCrocus sativus L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double Blind Pilot StudyJ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.(2019 Apr)
Creatinine Fatemeh Ebrahimi, Naheed Aryaeian, Naseh Pahlavani, Davood Abbasi, Agha Fatemeh Hosseini, Soudabeh Fallah, Nariman Moradi, Iraj HeydariThe effect of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on blood pressure, and renal and liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double blinded, randomized clinical trialAvicenna J Phytomed.(Jul Aug 2019)
Erections Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N, Safarinejad SAn open label, randomized, fixed dose, crossover study comparing efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate and saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) for treating erectile dysfunction in men naïve to treatmentInt J Impot Res.(2010 Jul Aug)
Visual acuity (VA) Falsini B, Piccardi M, Minnella A, Savastano C, Capoluongo E, Fadda A, Balestrazzi E, Maccarone R, Bisti SInfluence of saffron supplementation on retinal flicker sensitivity in early age related macular degenerationInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.(2010 Dec)
Cancer Metastasis Azar Hosseini, Seyed Hamed Mousavi, Anis Ghanbari, Fatemeh Homaee Shandiz, Hamid Reza Raziee, Masoud Pezeshki Rad, Seyed Hadi MousaviEffect of saffron on liver metastases in patients suffering from cancers with liver metastases: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trialAvicenna J Phytomed.(Sep Oct 2015)
Liver Enzymes Motahareh Hasani, Mahsa Malekahmadi, Gholamreza Rezamand, M Dulce Estêvão, Ana Beatriz Pizarro, Hafez Heydari, Wong Chun Hoong, Omar Ahnaf Arafah, Abdul Rahman Riad Barakeh, Areej Rahman, Mona Saud K Alrashidi, Ahmed Abu ZaidEffect of saffron supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trialsDiabetes Metab Syndr.(2021 Oct 12)
Skin Dryness Shiva Golmohammadzadeh, Mahmoud Reza Jaafari, Hossein HosseinzadehDoes saffron have antisolar and moisturizing effects?Iran J Pharm Res.(Spring 2010)
Depression Symptoms Jamshid Tabeshpour, Farzaneh Sobhani, Seyed Alireza Sadjadi, Hossein Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri, Omid Rajabi, Zhila Taherzadeh, Saeid EslamiA double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of saffron stigma (Crocus sativus L.) in mothers suffering from mild to moderate postpartum depressionPhytomedicine.(2017 Dec 1)
Depression Symptoms L Kashani, S Eslatmanesh, N Saedi, N Niroomand, M Ebrahimi, M Hosseinian, T Foroughifar, S Salimi, S AkhondzadehComparison of Saffron versus Fluoxetine in Treatment of Mild to Moderate Postpartum Depression: A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical TrialPharmacopsychiatry.(2017 Mar)