Spirulina
Spirulina, allgemein bekannt als \blaugrüne Algen\, ist ein ungiftiges Cyanobakterium, das reich an verschiedenen Nährstoffen sowie bioaktiven Pigmenten und Polyphenolen ist. Spirulina enthält viele antioxidative Verbindungen und könnte vorteilhafte kardiometabolische Effekte haben.
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Letztes Update:28. November 2025
Übersicht
Überblick
Was ist Spirulina?
Spirulina (Arthrospira) ist eine ungiftige blaugrüne Mikroalge, deren Name von ihrer spiraligen Form inspiriert ist. Spirulina gedeiht natürlich in warmen, salzhaltigen, alkalischen (hohen pH) Seen. Obwohl ursprünglich geglaubt wurde, dass es sich um eine Pflanze handelt, die photosynthetische Fähigkeiten besitzt, wird Spirulina jetzt als eine Art Cyanobakterien anerkannt. Für die kommerzielle Nutzung wird Spirulina normalerweise in kontrollierten Umgebungen kultiviert und anschließend getrocknet und pulverisiert. Es gibt mehrere Arten von Spirulina, aber Arthrospira platensis ist die am häufigsten in der Forschung und in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln verwendete Art.
Spirulina wird häufig als ‚Superfood‘ angepriesen, dank ihres beeindruckenden Nährstoffgehalts, der Proteine, essentielle Aminosäuren, mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren, Vitamine, Mineralstoffe und verschiedene andere bioaktive Verbindungen wie Carotinoide, Chlorophyll und Phycocyanin umfasst. Dementsprechend wurde sie in verschiedenen Kontexten eingesetzt, von unterernährten Bevölkerungen bis hin zu Astronauten auf Weltraummissionen.
Was sind die Vorteile von Spirulina?
Hauptvorteile: In vitro- und Tierversuche haben weitreichende Vorteile von Spirulina nahegelegt, einschließlich antioxidativer, entzündungshemmender, neuroprotektiver, krebsbekämpfender, virenhemmender, immunmodulierender, blutzuckersenkender und herzschützender Eigenschaften.\[1\] Allerdings wurden nur einige dieser Effekte in klinischen Studien am Menschen beobachtet. Klinische Studien deuten darauf hin, dass Personen, die mit Spirulina ergänzen, kleine, aber positive Effekte auf verschiedene Aspekte ihrer kardiometabolischen Gesundheit sehen können, einschließlich verbesserter Lipidprofile,\[1\][2\] verringerter Blutdruck (insbesondere bei Personen mit hohem Blutdruck),\[3\] kleinen Reduzierungen des Körpergewichts,\[4\][5\] und verringertem Nüchternblutzucker.\[2\][6\] Spirulina wird oft als starkes Antioxidans und entzündungshemmendes Supplement angepriesen. Während dies in präklinischen Studien sicherlich der Fall ist, sind die klinischen Studien am Menschen gemischt. Spirulina könnte die gesamte antioxidative Kapazität und die Aktivität der Superoxiddismutase erhöhen, jedoch wurden keine klaren Effekte auf Entzündungen gefunden.\[7\][8\]
Was sind die Nachteile von Spirulina?
Hauptnachteile: Spirulina gilt allgemein als sicher und gut verträglich. Die häufigsten berichteten Nebenwirkungen umfassen gastrointestinale Beschwerden (z. B. Bauchkrämpfe, Durchfall, Übelkeit, Erbrechen), Müdigkeit, Schwindel, Kopfschmerzen und Hautreizungen (z. B. Juckreiz, Ausschlag).\[1\] Es gab mehrere Fallberichte über schwerwiegendere Nebenwirkungen bei der Einnahme von Spirulina. Dazu gehören Rhabdomyolyse (eine schwere Art des Muskelabbaus),\[2\] anaphylaktische Reaktionen (eine lebensbedrohliche allergische Reaktion),\[3\][4\] Lebertoxizität,\[5\] und die Auslösung oder Verschlimmerung von Autoimmunhautkrankheiten.\[6\][7\] Obwohl dies nicht gründlich untersucht wurde, könnte Spirulina einige Cytochrom-P450-Enzyme, nämlich CYP1A2 und CYP2E1, hemmen, was zu Wechselwirkungen mit Medikamenten führen könnte.\[8\] Herstellungspraktiken und Wachstumsbedingungen können die Qualität und Sicherheit von Spirulina-Präparaten beeinflussen. Erstens kann Spirulina Schwermetalle aus ihrer Umgebung anreichern, was die Sorge um Kontamination aufwirft.\[9\] Eine Studie, die 25 Marken von Spirulina auf Quecksilber, Nickel und Platin überprüfte, fand heraus, dass keine dieser Marken diese Schwermetalle über akzeptable Grenzwerte hinaus enthielt,\[10\] aber die Wahl eines Spirulina-Präparats, das auf Schwermetalle getestet wurde, sollte dennoch in Betracht gezogen werden. Zweitens könnte eine Kontamination mit anderen Arten von Cyanobakterien potenziell toxische Verbindungen wie Mikrocystine einführen.\[11\]
Wie funktioniert Spirulina?
Spirulina enthält eine Fülle von bioaktiven Verbindungen, einschließlich Pigmenten, Polyphenolen, Peptiden, Fettsäuren, komplexen Kohlenhydraten, Vitaminen und Mineralstoffen, was ihre Wirkungsweise ziemlich kompliziert und noch unvollständig verstanden macht. Phycocyanin, ein blau gefärbtes Pigment, das strukturell dem Bilirubin ähnelt, ist das am häufigsten vorkommende Protein in Spirulina und wird als die Hauptaktive Verbindung angesehen.\ Die antioxidantiven und entzündungshemmenden Eigenschaften von Spirulina sind die am gründlichsten untersuchten und entstehen wahrscheinlich aus einer Vielzahl von Verbindungen, einschließlich Phycocyanin, Carotinoiden, Chlorophyll und Vitamin E. Spirulina kann die Aktivität von antioxidativen Enzymen (z.B. Superoxiddismutase) erhöhen, Lipidperoxidation verhindern, die NF-?B-Aktivität reduzieren und Enzyme hemmen, die an der Bildung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies und entzündlichen Verbindungen beteiligt sind – nicotinamid-adenin-dinukleotidphosphat (NADPH)-Oxidase und Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), jeweils. Spirulina könnte die kardiometabolische Gesundheit durch verschiedene Mechanismen verbessern. Sie könnte potenziell den Blutdruck senken, indem sie die Produktion von Stickoxid erhöht, wodurch das Angiotensin-I-convertierende Enzym gehemmt wird, und/oder einfach aufgrund ihres hohen Kaliumgehalts (~18 mg pro Gramm). Darüber hinaus könnte Spirulina den Lipidstoffwechsel beeinflussen, die Verdauung und Absorption von Nahrungsfetten und -kohlenhydraten reduzieren, die Cholesterinausscheidung fördern, das Sättigungsgefühl erhöhen und die Insulinsekretion stimulieren.
Weitere Informationen
Verweise
Interleukin 6 Szulinska M, Gibas Dorna M, Miller Kasprzak E, Suliburska J, Miczke A, Walczak Galezewska M, Stelmach Mardas M, Walkowiak J, Bogdanski P \Spirulina maxima improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and total antioxidant status in obese patients with well treated hypertension: a randomized double blind placebo controlled study\ Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2017 May)
Interleukin 6 Park HJ, Lee YJ, Ryu HK, Kim MH, Chung HW, Kim WY \A randomized double blind, placebo controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans\ Ann Nutr Metab. (2008)
Total cholesterol Mazokopakis EE, Starakis IK, Papadomanolaki MG, Mavroeidi NG, Ganotakis ES \The hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population: a prospective study\ J Sci Food Agric. (2013 Jun 10)
Total cholesterol Patricia V Torres Duran, Aldo Ferreira Hermosillo, Marco A Juarez Oropeza \Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary report\ Lipids Health Dis. (2007 Nov 26)
Total cholesterol R Samuels, U V Mani, U M Iyer, U S Nayak \Hypocholesterolemic effect of spirulina in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome\ J Med Food. (Summer 2002)
Interleukin 6 Hee Jung Park, Hyun Sook Lee \Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 polymorphism interaction with spirulina immunomodulatory effects in healthy Korean elderly: A 16 week, double blind randomized clinical trial\ Nutr Res Pract. (2017 Aug)
Treg Cells Artur Juszkiewicz, Piotr Basta, Elzbieta Petriczko, Boguslaw Machalinski, Jerzy Trzeciak, Karolina Luczkowska, Anna Skarpanska Stejnborn \An attempt to induce an immunomodulatory effect in rowers with spirulina extract\ J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2018 Feb 20)
Interleukin 4 T K Mao, J Van de Water, M E Gershwin \Effects of a Spirulina based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients\ J Med Food. (Spring 2005)
White Blood Cell Count Selmi C, Leung PS, Fischer L, German B, Yang CY, Kenny TP, Cysewski GR, Gershwin ME \The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens\ Cell Mol Immunol. (2011 May)
Natural Killer Cell Activity Nielsen CH, Balachandran P, Christensen O, Pugh ND, Tamta H, Sufka KJ, Wu X, Walsted A, Schjørring Thyssen M, Enevold C, Pasco DS \Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects by Immulina®, a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun type lipoproteins\ Planta Med. (2010 Nov)
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Radhey Shyam, Som N Singh, Praveen Vats, Vijay K Singh, Rajeev Bajaj, Shashi B Singh, Pratul K Banerjee \Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulina\ J Altern Complement Med. (2007 Oct)
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Hee Jung Park, Hyun Sook Lee \The influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderly\ Nutr Res Pract. (2016 Aug)
Anti Oxidant Enzyme Profile Shariat A, Farhangi M, Zeinalian R \Spirulina platensis supplementation, macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC 1), oxidative stress markers and anthropometric features in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial\ J Herb Med. ()
Triglycerides Patricia Victoria Torres Durán, Aldo Ferreira Hermosillo, Arnulfo Ramos Jiménez, Rosa Patricia Hernández Torres, Marco Antonio Juárez Oropeza \Effect of Spirulina maxima on postprandial lipemia in young runners: a preliminary report\ J Med Food. (2012 Aug)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Kalafati M, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Sakellariou GK, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D \Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans\ Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2010 Jan)
Glycemic Control Marcel AK, Ekali LG, Eugene S, Arnold OE, Sandrine ED, von der Weid D, Gbaguidi E, Ngogang J, Mbanya JC \The effect of Spirulina platensis versus soybean on insulin resistance in HIV infected patients: a randomized pilot study\ Nutrients. (2011 Jul)
Allergy Symptoms Morteza Nourollahian, Bashir Rasoulian, Attaallah Gafari, Majid Anoushiravani, Farahzad Jabari, Mehdi Bakhshaee \Clinical comparison of the efficacy of spirulina platensis and cetirizine for treatment of allergic rhinitis\ Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. (2020 Jun)
Allergy Symptoms Cingi C, Conk Dalay M, Cakli H, Bal C \The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis\ Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. (2008 Oct)
Arterial Stiffness Miczke A, Szulinska M, Hansdorfer Korzon R, Kregielska Narozna M, Suliburska J, Walkowiak J, Bogdanski P \Effects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial\ Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2016)
Blood Pressure Juárez Oropeza MA, Mascher D, Torres Durán PV, Farias JM, Paredes Carbajal MC \Effects of dietary Spirulina on vascular reactivity\ J Med Food. (2009 Feb)
Blood Pressure Jesús Martínez Sámano, Adriana Torres Montes de Oca, Oscar Ivan Luqueño Bocardo, Patricia V Torres Durán, Marco A Juárez Oropeza \Spirulina maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical Trial\ Mar Drugs. (2018 Dec 8)
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Fatemeh Naeini, Meysam Zarezadeh, Sara Mohiti, Helda Tutunchi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mamaghani, Alireza Ostadrahimi \Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta analysis of controlled clinical trials\ Int J Clin Pract. (2021 Jul 8)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Fateme Golestani, Mehdi Mogharnasi, Mahboube Erfani Far, Seyed Hossein Abtahi Eivari \The effects of spirulina under high intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin 1, omentin 1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single blind trial\ J Res Med Sci. (2021 Jan 28)
Body Fat Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MH \Effects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized clinical trials\ Complement Ther Med. (2019 Dec)
Oxygen Cost of Exercise Tom Gurney, Owen Spendiff \Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise\ Eur J Appl Physiol. (2020 Dec)
Muscular Endurance Hsueh Kuan Lu, Chin Cheng Hsieh, Jen Jung Hsu, Yuh Kuan Yang, Hong Nong Chou \Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise induced oxidative stress\ Eur J Appl Physiol. (2006 Sep)
Muscle Soreness Aggelos Pappas, Athanasios Tsiokanos, Ioannis G Fatouros, Athanasios Poulios, Dimitris Kouretas, Nikos Goutzourelas, Giannis Giakas, Athanasios Z Jamurtas \The Effects of Spirulina Supplementation on Redox Status and Performance Following a Muscle Damaging Protocol\ Int J Mol Sci. (2021 Mar 30)
Heart Rate Marco Antonio Hernández Lepe, José Alberto López Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández Torres, Abraham Wall Medrano, Arnulfo Ramos Jiménez \Effect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program on the Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Overweight or Obese Subjects: A Double Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled Trial\ Mar Drugs. (2018 Oct 1)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Morgan Johnson, Lauren Hassinger, Joshua Davis, Steven T Devor, Robert A DiSilvestro \A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of spirulina supplementation on indices of mental and physical fatigue in men\ Int J Food Sci Nutr. (2016)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Ferreira Hermosillo A, Torres Duran PV, Juarez Oropeza MA \Hepatoprotective effects of Spirulina maxima in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case series\ J Med Case Rep. (2010 Apr 7)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Elias E Mazokopakis, Maria G Papadomanolaki, Andreas A Fousteris, Dimitrios A Kotsiris, Ioannis M Lampadakis, Emmanuel S Ganotakis \The hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population with non alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective pilot study\ Ann Gastroenterol. (2014)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Rahnama I, Arabi SM, Chambari M, Bahrami LS, Hadi V, Mirghazanfari SM, Rizzo M, Hadi S, Sahebkar A \The effect of Spirulina supplementation on lipid profile: GRADE assessed systematic review and dose response meta analysis of data from randomized controlled trials\ Pharmacol Res. (2023 Jul)
HbA1c Lee EH, Park JE, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Kim WY \A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients\ Nutr Res Pract. (2008 Winter)
HbA1c Parikh P, Mani U, Iyer U \Role of Spirulina in the Control of Glycemia and Lipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus\ J Med Food. (2001 Winter)
IGF 1 Reza Bagheri, Raoof Negaresh, Mohamad S Motevalli, Alexei Wong, Damoon Ashtary Larky, Mehdi Kargarfard, Amir Rashidlamir \Spirulina supplementation during gradual weight loss in competitive wrestlers\ Br J Nutr. (2021 Mar 15)
Appetite Reyhaneh Yousefi, Azadeh Mottaghi, Atoosa Saidpour \Spirulina platensis effectively ameliorates anthropometric measurements and obesity related metabolic disorders in obese or overweight healthy individuals: A randomized controlled trial\ Complement Ther Med. (2018 Oct)
Weight Lak M, Karimi M, Akhgarjand C, Ghotboddin Mohammadi S, Pam P, Ashtary Larky D, Pirzad S, Shahrbaf MA, Henselmans M, Asbaghi O \Effects of spirulina supplementation on body composition in adults: a GRADE assessed and dose response meta analysis of RCTs\ Nutr Metab (Lond). (2025 Jun 17)
Depression Symptoms Sajjad Moradi, Mehdi Zobeiri, Awat Feizi, Cain C T Clark, Mohammad Hassan Entezari \The effects of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on anthropometric indices, blood pressure, sleep quality, mental health, fatigue status and quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomised, double blinded, placebo controlled trial\ Int J Clin Pract. (2021 Jun 9)
Hemoglobin Ge Y, Kang Y, Dong L, Liu L, An G \The efficacy of dietary Spirulina as an adjunct to chemotherapy to improve immune function and reduce myelosuppression in patients with malignant tumors\ Transl Cancer Res. ()
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Zahra Hamedifard, Alireza Milajerdi, Željko Reiner, Mohsen Taghizadeh, Fariba Kolahdooz, Zatollah Asemi \The effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials\ Phytother Res. (2019 Oct)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Marco Antonio Hernández Lepe, Abraham Wall Medrano, José Alberto López Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández Torres, Arnulfo Ramos Jiménez \Hypolipidemic Effect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program in Overweight and Obese Men: A Double Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled Trial\ Mar Drugs. (2019 May 7)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Reihaneh Zeinalian, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Atefeh Shariat, Maryam Saghafi Asl \The effects of Spirulina Platensis on anthropometric indices, appetite, lipid profile and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in obese individuals: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial\ BMC Complement Altern Med. (2017 Apr 21)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) José J van den Driessche, Jogchum Plat, Maurice C J M Konings, Ronald P Mensink \Effects of spirulina and wakame consumption on intestinal cholesterol absorption and serum lipid concentrations in non hypercholesterolemic adult men and women\ Eur J Nutr. (2020 Aug)
Power Output Mehdi Chaouachi, Sandrine Gautier, Yoann Carnot, Nicolas Bideau, Pierrick Guillemot, Yann Moison, Tom Collin, Sophie Vincent, Carole Groussard \Spirulina platensis Provides a Small Advantage in Vertical Jump and Sprint Performance But Does Not Improve Elite Rugby Players\ Body Composition\ J Diet Suppl. (2020 Oct 29)
Bilirubin Gitte S Jensen, Cassandra Drapeau, Miki Lenninger, Kathleen F Benson \Clinical Safety of a High Dose of Phycocyanin Enriched Aqueous Extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study with a Focus on Anticoagulant Activity and Platelet Activation\ J Med Food. (2016 Jul)
Sperm Quality Roya Modarresi, Alireza Aminsharifi, Farzaneh Foroughinia \Impact of Spirulina Supplementation on Semen Parameters in Patients with Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Pilot Randomized Trial\ Urol J. (2019 Feb 21)
Oral Cancer Symptoms Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, Varghese C, Somanathan T, Amma BP, Amma NS, Nair MK \Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis\ Nutr Cancer. (1995)
HVC Viral Load Yakoot M, Salem A \Spirulina platensis versus silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A pilot randomized, comparative clinical trial\ BMC Gastroenterol. (2012 Apr 12)
Fatigue Symptoms Baicus C, Baicus A \Spirulina did not ameliorate idiopathic chronic fatigue in four N of 1 randomized controlled trials\ Phytother Res. (2007 Jun)
Arsenic Poisoning Signs and Symptoms Misbahuddin M, Islam AZ, Khandker S, Ifthaker Al Mahmud, Islam N, Anjumanara \Efficacy of spirulina extract plus zinc in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo controlled study\ Clin Toxicol (Phila). (2006)
Lung Function Labhe R, Mani U, Mishra M, Bhattacharya J \The Effect of Spirulina in the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma\ J Diet Suppl. ()
Interleukin 6 Park HJ, Lee YJ, Ryu HK, Kim MH, Chung HW, Kim WY \A randomized double blind, placebo controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans\ Ann Nutr Metab. (2008)
Total cholesterol Mazokopakis EE, Starakis IK, Papadomanolaki MG, Mavroeidi NG, Ganotakis ES \The hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population: a prospective study\ J Sci Food Agric. (2013 Jun 10)
Total cholesterol Patricia V Torres Duran, Aldo Ferreira Hermosillo, Marco A Juarez Oropeza \Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary report\ Lipids Health Dis. (2007 Nov 26)
Total cholesterol R Samuels, U V Mani, U M Iyer, U S Nayak \Hypocholesterolemic effect of spirulina in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome\ J Med Food. (Summer 2002)
Interleukin 6 Hee Jung Park, Hyun Sook Lee \Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 polymorphism interaction with spirulina immunomodulatory effects in healthy Korean elderly: A 16 week, double blind randomized clinical trial\ Nutr Res Pract. (2017 Aug)
Treg Cells Artur Juszkiewicz, Piotr Basta, Elzbieta Petriczko, Boguslaw Machalinski, Jerzy Trzeciak, Karolina Luczkowska, Anna Skarpanska Stejnborn \An attempt to induce an immunomodulatory effect in rowers with spirulina extract\ J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2018 Feb 20)
Interleukin 4 T K Mao, J Van de Water, M E Gershwin \Effects of a Spirulina based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients\ J Med Food. (Spring 2005)
White Blood Cell Count Selmi C, Leung PS, Fischer L, German B, Yang CY, Kenny TP, Cysewski GR, Gershwin ME \The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens\ Cell Mol Immunol. (2011 May)
Natural Killer Cell Activity Nielsen CH, Balachandran P, Christensen O, Pugh ND, Tamta H, Sufka KJ, Wu X, Walsted A, Schjørring Thyssen M, Enevold C, Pasco DS \Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects by Immulina®, a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun type lipoproteins\ Planta Med. (2010 Nov)
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Radhey Shyam, Som N Singh, Praveen Vats, Vijay K Singh, Rajeev Bajaj, Shashi B Singh, Pratul K Banerjee \Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulina\ J Altern Complement Med. (2007 Oct)
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Hee Jung Park, Hyun Sook Lee \The influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderly\ Nutr Res Pract. (2016 Aug)
Anti Oxidant Enzyme Profile Shariat A, Farhangi M, Zeinalian R \Spirulina platensis supplementation, macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC 1), oxidative stress markers and anthropometric features in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial\ J Herb Med. ()
Triglycerides Patricia Victoria Torres Durán, Aldo Ferreira Hermosillo, Arnulfo Ramos Jiménez, Rosa Patricia Hernández Torres, Marco Antonio Juárez Oropeza \Effect of Spirulina maxima on postprandial lipemia in young runners: a preliminary report\ J Med Food. (2012 Aug)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Kalafati M, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Sakellariou GK, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D \Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans\ Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2010 Jan)
Glycemic Control Marcel AK, Ekali LG, Eugene S, Arnold OE, Sandrine ED, von der Weid D, Gbaguidi E, Ngogang J, Mbanya JC \The effect of Spirulina platensis versus soybean on insulin resistance in HIV infected patients: a randomized pilot study\ Nutrients. (2011 Jul)
Allergy Symptoms Morteza Nourollahian, Bashir Rasoulian, Attaallah Gafari, Majid Anoushiravani, Farahzad Jabari, Mehdi Bakhshaee \Clinical comparison of the efficacy of spirulina platensis and cetirizine for treatment of allergic rhinitis\ Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. (2020 Jun)
Allergy Symptoms Cingi C, Conk Dalay M, Cakli H, Bal C \The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis\ Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. (2008 Oct)
Arterial Stiffness Miczke A, Szulinska M, Hansdorfer Korzon R, Kregielska Narozna M, Suliburska J, Walkowiak J, Bogdanski P \Effects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial\ Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2016)
Blood Pressure Juárez Oropeza MA, Mascher D, Torres Durán PV, Farias JM, Paredes Carbajal MC \Effects of dietary Spirulina on vascular reactivity\ J Med Food. (2009 Feb)
Blood Pressure Jesús Martínez Sámano, Adriana Torres Montes de Oca, Oscar Ivan Luqueño Bocardo, Patricia V Torres Durán, Marco A Juárez Oropeza \Spirulina maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical Trial\ Mar Drugs. (2018 Dec 8)
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Fatemeh Naeini, Meysam Zarezadeh, Sara Mohiti, Helda Tutunchi, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi Mamaghani, Alireza Ostadrahimi \Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta analysis of controlled clinical trials\ Int J Clin Pract. (2021 Jul 8)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Fateme Golestani, Mehdi Mogharnasi, Mahboube Erfani Far, Seyed Hossein Abtahi Eivari \The effects of spirulina under high intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin 1, omentin 1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single blind trial\ J Res Med Sci. (2021 Jan 28)
Body Fat Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MH \Effects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized clinical trials\ Complement Ther Med. (2019 Dec)
Oxygen Cost of Exercise Tom Gurney, Owen Spendiff \Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise\ Eur J Appl Physiol. (2020 Dec)
Muscular Endurance Hsueh Kuan Lu, Chin Cheng Hsieh, Jen Jung Hsu, Yuh Kuan Yang, Hong Nong Chou \Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise induced oxidative stress\ Eur J Appl Physiol. (2006 Sep)
Muscle Soreness Aggelos Pappas, Athanasios Tsiokanos, Ioannis G Fatouros, Athanasios Poulios, Dimitris Kouretas, Nikos Goutzourelas, Giannis Giakas, Athanasios Z Jamurtas \The Effects of Spirulina Supplementation on Redox Status and Performance Following a Muscle Damaging Protocol\ Int J Mol Sci. (2021 Mar 30)
Heart Rate Marco Antonio Hernández Lepe, José Alberto López Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández Torres, Abraham Wall Medrano, Arnulfo Ramos Jiménez \Effect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program on the Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Overweight or Obese Subjects: A Double Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled Trial\ Mar Drugs. (2018 Oct 1)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Morgan Johnson, Lauren Hassinger, Joshua Davis, Steven T Devor, Robert A DiSilvestro \A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of spirulina supplementation on indices of mental and physical fatigue in men\ Int J Food Sci Nutr. (2016)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Ferreira Hermosillo A, Torres Duran PV, Juarez Oropeza MA \Hepatoprotective effects of Spirulina maxima in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case series\ J Med Case Rep. (2010 Apr 7)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Elias E Mazokopakis, Maria G Papadomanolaki, Andreas A Fousteris, Dimitrios A Kotsiris, Ioannis M Lampadakis, Emmanuel S Ganotakis \The hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population with non alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective pilot study\ Ann Gastroenterol. (2014)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Rahnama I, Arabi SM, Chambari M, Bahrami LS, Hadi V, Mirghazanfari SM, Rizzo M, Hadi S, Sahebkar A \The effect of Spirulina supplementation on lipid profile: GRADE assessed systematic review and dose response meta analysis of data from randomized controlled trials\ Pharmacol Res. (2023 Jul)
HbA1c Lee EH, Park JE, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Kim WY \A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients\ Nutr Res Pract. (2008 Winter)
HbA1c Parikh P, Mani U, Iyer U \Role of Spirulina in the Control of Glycemia and Lipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus\ J Med Food. (2001 Winter)
IGF 1 Reza Bagheri, Raoof Negaresh, Mohamad S Motevalli, Alexei Wong, Damoon Ashtary Larky, Mehdi Kargarfard, Amir Rashidlamir \Spirulina supplementation during gradual weight loss in competitive wrestlers\ Br J Nutr. (2021 Mar 15)
Appetite Reyhaneh Yousefi, Azadeh Mottaghi, Atoosa Saidpour \Spirulina platensis effectively ameliorates anthropometric measurements and obesity related metabolic disorders in obese or overweight healthy individuals: A randomized controlled trial\ Complement Ther Med. (2018 Oct)
Weight Lak M, Karimi M, Akhgarjand C, Ghotboddin Mohammadi S, Pam P, Ashtary Larky D, Pirzad S, Shahrbaf MA, Henselmans M, Asbaghi O \Effects of spirulina supplementation on body composition in adults: a GRADE assessed and dose response meta analysis of RCTs\ Nutr Metab (Lond). (2025 Jun 17)
Depression Symptoms Sajjad Moradi, Mehdi Zobeiri, Awat Feizi, Cain C T Clark, Mohammad Hassan Entezari \The effects of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on anthropometric indices, blood pressure, sleep quality, mental health, fatigue status and quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomised, double blinded, placebo controlled trial\ Int J Clin Pract. (2021 Jun 9)
Hemoglobin Ge Y, Kang Y, Dong L, Liu L, An G \The efficacy of dietary Spirulina as an adjunct to chemotherapy to improve immune function and reduce myelosuppression in patients with malignant tumors\ Transl Cancer Res. ()
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Zahra Hamedifard, Alireza Milajerdi, Željko Reiner, Mohsen Taghizadeh, Fariba Kolahdooz, Zatollah Asemi \The effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials\ Phytother Res. (2019 Oct)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Marco Antonio Hernández Lepe, Abraham Wall Medrano, José Alberto López Díaz, Marco Antonio Juárez Oropeza, Rosa Patricia Hernández Torres, Arnulfo Ramos Jiménez \Hypolipidemic Effect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program in Overweight and Obese Men: A Double Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled Trial\ Mar Drugs. (2019 May 7)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Reihaneh Zeinalian, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Atefeh Shariat, Maryam Saghafi Asl \The effects of Spirulina Platensis on anthropometric indices, appetite, lipid profile and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in obese individuals: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial\ BMC Complement Altern Med. (2017 Apr 21)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) José J van den Driessche, Jogchum Plat, Maurice C J M Konings, Ronald P Mensink \Effects of spirulina and wakame consumption on intestinal cholesterol absorption and serum lipid concentrations in non hypercholesterolemic adult men and women\ Eur J Nutr. (2020 Aug)
Power Output Mehdi Chaouachi, Sandrine Gautier, Yoann Carnot, Nicolas Bideau, Pierrick Guillemot, Yann Moison, Tom Collin, Sophie Vincent, Carole Groussard \Spirulina platensis Provides a Small Advantage in Vertical Jump and Sprint Performance But Does Not Improve Elite Rugby Players\ Body Composition\ J Diet Suppl. (2020 Oct 29)
Bilirubin Gitte S Jensen, Cassandra Drapeau, Miki Lenninger, Kathleen F Benson \Clinical Safety of a High Dose of Phycocyanin Enriched Aqueous Extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study with a Focus on Anticoagulant Activity and Platelet Activation\ J Med Food. (2016 Jul)
Sperm Quality Roya Modarresi, Alireza Aminsharifi, Farzaneh Foroughinia \Impact of Spirulina Supplementation on Semen Parameters in Patients with Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Pilot Randomized Trial\ Urol J. (2019 Feb 21)
Oral Cancer Symptoms Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, Varghese C, Somanathan T, Amma BP, Amma NS, Nair MK \Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis\ Nutr Cancer. (1995)
HVC Viral Load Yakoot M, Salem A \Spirulina platensis versus silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A pilot randomized, comparative clinical trial\ BMC Gastroenterol. (2012 Apr 12)
Fatigue Symptoms Baicus C, Baicus A \Spirulina did not ameliorate idiopathic chronic fatigue in four N of 1 randomized controlled trials\ Phytother Res. (2007 Jun)
Arsenic Poisoning Signs and Symptoms Misbahuddin M, Islam AZ, Khandker S, Ifthaker Al Mahmud, Islam N, Anjumanara \Efficacy of spirulina extract plus zinc in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo controlled study\ Clin Toxicol (Phila). (2006)
Lung Function Labhe R, Mani U, Mishra M, Bhattacharya J \The Effect of Spirulina in the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma\ J Diet Suppl. ()