Vitamin D

Vitamin D ist ein fettlösliches Nutrient. Es ist eines der 24 Mikronährstoffe, die für das Überleben des Menschen entscheidend sind. Die Sonne ist die Hauptquelle für Vitamin D, da sie die Produktion von Vitamin D in der Haut anregt. Vitamin D ist jedoch auch natürlicherweise in fettem Fisch und Eiern zu finden und wird häufig Milch und Milchersatzprodukten zugesetzt. Faktoren, die die Vitamin D-Spiegel beeinflussen.

Die Hauptvorteile: Ergänzendes Vitamin D ist mit einer Reihe von Vorteilen verbunden, darunter verbesserte Immunfunktion, Knochengesundheit und Wohlbefinden. Eine Supplementierung kann auch das Risiko für Krebssterblichkeit, Diabetes und Multiple Sklerose reduzieren. Vitamin D wird häufig bei Depressionen und ähnlichen psychischen Gesundheitsproblemen eingenommen, aber die Beweise sind gemischt, ob die Supplementierung diese Ergebnisse verbessert. Die Wirkungen von Vitamin D hängen wahrscheinlich von den zirkulierenden Levels von 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D; eine Form von Vitamin D, die in Blutproben gemessen wird, um den Vitamin D-Status zu bestimmen) ab, und viele der Vorteile der Supplementierung werden nur sichtbar, wenn ein Mangel behoben wird.

Hauptnachteile: Sehr hohe Vitamin-D-Spiegel im Blut, die 375 nmol/L oder 150 ng/mL überschreiten, sind toxisch und können Nebenwirkungen wie Appetitlosigkeit, Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Muskelschwäche, Verwirrung, Dehydration, übermäßigen Durst und Nierensteine verursachen. Extrem hohe Blutspiegel von Vitamin D können sogar tödlich sein. Da die Vitamin-D-Produktion in der Haut selbstlimitierend ist, ist es unwahrscheinlich, dass Sonnenexposition Vitamin-D-Spiegel verursacht, die schädlich sind (obwohl es möglich sein kann, dass Personen mit ständig hohem Sonnenlichtexposition, z. B. Rettungsschwimmer, schädlich hohe Vitamin-D-Spiegel synthetisieren). Vitamin-D-Spiegel im Blut können jedoch durch chronische, hohe Supplementation leicht toxische Werte erreichen. Obwohl ultra-hohe Supplementationen allgemein als toxisch angesehen werden, gibt es einige Debatten darüber, was die Obergrenze für eine sichere, „moderat hohe“ Supplementation darstellt. Die Einnahme von etwa 4.000 IU (100 ug) Vitamin D pro Tag über längere Zeiträume (>=6 Monate) scheint das Risiko einer Hyperkalzämie (hoher Blutkalziumspiegel) zu erhöhen und bei älteren Erwachsenen die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu steigern, zu fallen. Einige Studien bei älteren Erwachsenen haben ergeben, dass Vitamin D das Risiko von Stürzen erhöht, und eine Studie beobachtete einen Rückgang der Knochendichte bei Frauen, die hohe Dosen von Vitamin D einnahmen.

Vitamin D entfaltet seine Wirkung, indem es sich an den Vitamin-D-Rezeptor (VDR) bindet und diesen aktiviert. Nach der Bindung an Vitamin D fungiert der VDR als Transkriptionsfaktor und reguliert die Aktivität von über 1.000 verschiedenen Genen.\[1\] Diese „genomische“ Wirkung von Vitamin D ist in der Regel langsamer und erfordert die Synthese neuer mRNA und Proteine, um Wirkung zu zeigen. Vitamin D wirkt auch durch „nicht-genomische“ Mechanismen, die eine schnelle Aktivierung verschiedener Signalwege innerhalb der Zelle bewirken. Obwohl VDRs auf Zellmembranen identifiziert wurden, ist derzeit nicht bekannt, ob die schnellere, nicht-genomische Wirkung von Vitamin D über membranassoziierte Vitamin-D-Rezeptoren oder einen anderen zellulären Rezeptor erfolgt.\[2\] Obwohl die am häufigsten mit Vitamin D assoziierten Effekte auf den Körper mit dem Knochenstoffwechsel verbunden sind, deutet die fast allgegenwärtige Präsenz von VDRs in Zellen und Geweben im gesamten Körper darauf hin, dass Vitamin D eine Vielzahl physiologischer Prozesse beeinflussen kann.\[3\] Zu den weiteren Effekten von Vitamin D auf den Körper gehören, sind aber nicht beschränkt auf die folgenden:\[4\] Antikrebswirkungen (Förderung des Zelltods oder Unterdrückung der Proliferation in Krebszellen) Hirnentwicklung\[5\] Zell-Differenzierung\[6\][7\] Entzündungshemmende Effekte\[8\] Antibakterielle Effekte (durch die Wirkungen von Vitamin D auf Immunzellen und seine Förderung der Expression von Genen, die antimikrobielle Peptide codieren)\[9\] Schutz der Blutgefäße\[10\] Gesundheit des Nervensystems Kalziumregulation

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Martineau AR, MacLaughlin BD, Hooper RL, Barnes NC, Jolliffe DA, Greiller CL, Kilpin K, McLaughlin D, Fletcher G, Mein CA, Hoti M, Walton R, Grigg J, Timms PM, Rajakulasingam RK, Bhowmik A, Rowe M, Venton TR, Choudhury AB, Simcock DE, Sadique Z, Monteiro WR, Corrigan CJ, Hawrylowicz CM, Griffiths CJDouble blind randomised placebo controlled trial of bolus dose vitamin D3 supplementation in adults with asthma (ViDiAs)Thorax.(2015 May)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Denlinger LC, King TS, Cardet JC, Craig T, Holguin F, Jackson DJ, Kraft M, Peters SP, Ross K, Sumino K, Boushey HA, Jarjour NN, Wechsler ME, Wenzel SE, Castro M, Avila PC, NHLBI AsthmaNet InvestigatorsVitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Colds in Patients with AsthmaAm J Respir Crit Care Med.(2016 Mar 15)
Asthma Symptoms Fedora K, Setyoningrum RA, Aina Q, Rosyidah LN, Nimah NL, Titiharja FFVitamin D supplementation decrease asthma exacerbations in children: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Ann Med.(2024 Jul 3)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Li Q, Xu X, Liu Y, Yin S, Hu Q, Ji Q, Zhong Y, Zhu FThe effects of prenatal vitamin D supplementation on respiratory and allergy related outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.World Allergy Organ J.(2025 Jul)
Endometriosis associated pelvic pain James L Nodler, Amy D DiVasta, Allison F Vitonis, Sarah Karevicius, Maggie Malsch, Vishnudas Sarda, Ayotunde Fadayomi, Holly R Harris, Stacey A MissmerSupplementation with vitamin D or ? 3 fatty acids in adolescent girls and young women with endometriosis (SAGE): a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2020 Jul 1)
Endometriosis associated pelvic pain Fariba Almassinokiani, Sepideh Khodaverdi, Masoud Solaymani Dodaran, Peyman Akbari, Abdolreza PazoukiEffects of Vitamin D on Endometriosis Related Pain: A Double Blind Clinical TrialMed Sci Monit.(2016 Dec 17)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Abolfazl Mehdizadehkashi, Samaneh Rokhgireh, Kobra Tahermanesh, Neda Eslahi, Sara Minaeian, Mansooreh SamimiThe effect of vitamin D supplementation on clinical symptoms and metabolic profiles in patients with endometriosisGynecol Endocrinol.(2021 Jan 29)
Pelvic Pain Zhou IW, Zhang AL, Tsang MS, Xue CCVitamin D for primary dysmenorrhea and endometriosis related pain A systematic review of registered RCTs.PLoS One.(2025)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Ginde AA, Blatchford P, Breese K, Zarrabi L, Linnebur SA, Wallace JI, Schwartz RSHigh Dose Monthly Vitamin D for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Long Term Care Residents: A Randomized Clinical TrialJ Am Geriatr Soc.(2017 Mar)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Camargo CA Jr, Ganmaa D, Frazier AL, Kirchberg FF, Stuart JJ, Kleinman K, Sumberzul N, Rich Edwards JWRandomized trial of vitamin D supplementation and risk of acute respiratory infection in MongoliaPediatrics.(2012 Sep)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Aloia J, Islam S, Mikhail MVitamin D and Acute Respiratory Infections—The PODA TrialOpen Forum Infect. Dis..()
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Grant CC, Kaur S, Waymouth E, Mitchell EA, Scragg R, Ekeroma A, Stewart A, Crane J, Trenholme A, Camargo CA JrReduced primary care respiratory infection visits following pregnancy and infancy vitamin D supplementation: a randomised controlled trialActa Paediatr.(2015 Apr)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, Dubnov Raz G, Esposito S, Ganmaa D, Ginde AA, Goodall EC, Grant CC, Janssens W, Jensen ME, Kerley CP, Laaksi I, Manaseki Holland S, Mauger D, Murdoch DR, Neale R, Rees JR, Simpson S, Stelmach I, Trilok Kumar G, Urashima M, Camargo CA, Griffiths CJ, Hooper RLVitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta analysisHealth Technol Assess.(2019 Jan)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Ghasem Mosayebi, Ali Ghazavi, Keyvan Ghasami, Yahya Jand, Parviz KokhaeiTherapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in multiple sclerosis patientsImmunol Invest.(2011)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Margitta T Kampman, Linn H Steffensen, Svein I Mellgren, Lone JørgensenEffect of vitamin D3 supplementation on relapses, disease progression, and measures of function in persons with multiple sclerosis: exploratory outcomes from a double blind randomised controlled trialMult Scler.(2012 Aug)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Pierrot Deseilligny C, Rivaud Péchoux S, Clerson P, de Paz R, Souberbielle JCRelationship between 25 OH D serum level and relapse rate in multiple sclerosis patients before and after vitamin D supplementationTher Adv Neurol Disord.(2012 Jul)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms J Killestein, E L J Hoogervorst, M Reif, N F Kalkers, A C Van Loenen, P G M Staats, R W Gorter, B M J Uitdehaag, C H PolmanSafety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MSNeurology.(2002 May 14)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms P Fox, P G Bain, S Glickman, C Carroll, J ZajicekThe effect of cannabis on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosisNeurology.(2004 Apr 13)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Raymond Hupperts, Joost Smolders, Reinhold Vieth, Trygve Holmøy, Kurt Marhardt, Myriam Schluep, Joep Killestein, Frederik Barkhof, Manolo Beelke, Luigi M E Grimaldi, SOLAR Study GroupRandomized trial of daily high dose vitamin D 3 in patients with RRMS receiving subcutaneous interferon ? 1aNeurology.(2019 Nov 12)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms William Camu, Philippe Lehert, Charles Pierrot Deseilligny, Patrick Hautecoeur, Anne Besserve, Anne Sophie Jean Deleglise, Marianne Payet, Eric Thouvenot, Jean Claude SouberbielleCholecalciferol in relapsing remitting MS: A randomized clinical trial (CHOLINE)Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm.(2019 Aug 6)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Jody Corey Bloom, Tanya Wolfson, Anthony Gamst, Shelia Jin, Thomas D Marcotte, Heather Bentley, Ben GouauxSmoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo controlled trialCMAJ.(2012 Jul 10)
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Vahid Shaygannejad, Mohsen Janghorbani, Fereshteh Ashtari, Hamed DehghanEffects of adjunct low dose vitamin d on relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis progression: preliminary findings of a randomized placebo controlled trialMult Scler Int.(2012)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Dubnov Raz G, Rinat B, Hemilä H, Choleva L, Cohen AH, Constantini NWVitamin D supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in adolescent swimmers: a randomized controlled trialPediatr Exerc Sci.(2015 Feb)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Murdoch DR, Slow S, Chambers ST, Jennings LC, Stewart AW, Priest PC, Florkowski CM, Livesey JH, Camargo CA, Scragg REffect of vitamin D3 supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults: the VIDARIS randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2012 Oct 3)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Goodall EC, Granados AC, Luinstra K, Pullenayegum E, Coleman BL, Loeb M, Smieja MVitamin D3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trialBMC Infect Dis.(2014 May 19)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Shimizu Y, Ito Y, Yui K, Egawa K, Orimo HIntake of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D3 Reduces Duration and Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison StudyJ Nutr Health Aging.(2018)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Jung HC, Seo MW, Lee S, Kim SW, Song JKVitamin D3 Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled TrialInt J Environ Res Public Health.(2018 Sep 14)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Li Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh J, Berbari NA randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infectionsEpidemiol Infect.(2009 Oct)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Mattila V, Auvinen A, Ylikomi T, Pihlajamäki HVitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double blinded trial among young Finnish menJ Infect Dis.(2010 Sep 1)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Aglipay M, Birken CS, Parkin PC, Loeb MB, Thorpe K, Chen Y, Laupacis A, Mamdani M, Macarthur C, Hoch JS, Mazzulli T, Maguire JL, TARGet Kids! CollaborationEffect of High Dose vs Standard Dose Wintertime Vitamin D Supplementation on Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Healthy ChildrenJAMA.(2017 Jul 18)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Avenell A, Cook JA, Maclennan GS, Macpherson GCVitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub study of a randomised placebo controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438)Age Ageing.(2007 Sep)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Rees JR, Hendricks K, Barry EL, Peacock JL, Mott LA, Sandler RS, Bresalier RS, Goodman M, Bostick RM, Baron JAVitamin D3 supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in a randomized, controlled trialClin Infect Dis.(2013 Nov)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Camargo CA, Sluyter J, Stewart AW, Khaw KT, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Waayer D, Scragg REffect of monthly high dose vitamin D supplementation on acute respiratory infections in older adults: A randomized controlled trialClin Infect Dis.(2019 Aug 17)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Bergman P, Norlin AC, Hansen S, Rekha RS, Agerberth B, Björkhem Bergman L, Ekström L, Lindh JD, Andersson JVitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and double blind intervention studyBMJ Open.(2012 Dec 13)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Loeb M, Dang AD, Thiem VD, Thanabalan V, Wang B, Nguyen NB, Tran HTM, Luong TM, Singh P, Smieja M, Maguire J, Pullenayegum EEffect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trialInfluenza Other Respir Viruses.(2019 Mar)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Simpson S, Mei I, Stewart N, Blizzard L, Tettey P, Taylor BWeekly cholecalciferol supplementation results in significant reductions in infection risk among the vitamin D deficient: results from the CIPRIS pilot RCTBMC Nutr.()
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Hauger H, Ritz C, Mortensen C, Mølgaard C, Metzdorff SB, Frøkiær H, Damsgaard CTWinter cholecalciferol supplementation at 55°N has little effect on markers of innate immune defense in healthy children aged 4 8 years: a secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trialEur J Nutr.(2019 Jun)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Stehle P, Koertke H, Koerfer RVitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markersAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 May)
Interleukin 5 Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Henriksen VT, Dixon BM, Schneider ED, Dern A, Weaver LKDifferent doses of supplemental vitamin D maintain interleukin 5 without altering skeletal muscle strength: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study in vitamin D sufficient adultsNutr Metab (Lond).(2012 Mar 9)
Tuberculosis Symptoms Ganmaa D, Giovannucci E, Bloom BR, Fawzi W, Burr W, Batbaatar D, Sumberzul N, Holick MF, Willett WCVitamin D, tuberculin skin test conversion, and latent tuberculosis in Mongolian school age children: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled feasibility trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2012 Aug)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Martineau AR, Hanifa Y, Witt KD, Barnes NC, Hooper RL, Patel M, Stevens N, Enayat Z, Balayah Z, Syed A, Knight A, Jolliffe DA, Greiller CL, McLaughlin D, Venton TR, Rowe M, Timms PM, Clark D, Sadique Z, Eldridge SM, Griffiths CJDouble blind randomised controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infection in older adults and their carers (ViDiFlu)Thorax.(2015 Oct)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Manaseki Holland S, Qader G, Isaq Masher M, Bruce J, Zulf Mughal M, Chandramohan D, Walraven GEffects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trialTrop Med Int Health.(2010 Oct)
Pneumonia Symptoms Choudhary N, Gupta PVitamin D supplementation for severe pneumonia a randomized controlled trialIndian Pediatr.(2012 Jun)
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HDSystematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular eventsAnn Intern Med.(2010 Mar 2)
Pain McAlindon T, LaValley M, Schneider E, Nuite M, Lee JY, Price LL, Lo G, Dawson Hughes BEffect of vitamin D supplementation on progression of knee pain and cartilage volume loss in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2013 Jan 9)
Glycemic Control Carrillo AE, Flynn MG, Pinkston C, Markofski MM, Jiang Y, Donkin SS, Teegarden DImpact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adultsClin Nutr.(2012 Aug 31)
Glycemic Control Harris SS, Pittas AG, Palermo NJA randomized, placebo controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African AmericansDiabetes Obes Metab.(2012 Sep)
Muscle Mass Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Dehghani S, Hoshiarrad A, Gohari MA 12 week double blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese womenNutr J.(2012 Sep 22)
Blood glucose Rajakumar K, Moore CG, Khalid AT, Vallejo AN, Virji MA, Holick MF, Greenspan SL, Arslanian S, Reis SEEffect of vitamin D3 supplementation on vascular and metabolic health of vitamin D deficient overweight and obese children: a randomized clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr.(2020 Apr 01)
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Tobias DK, Pradhan AD, Duran EK, Li C, Song Y, Buring JE, Cook NR, Mora S, Manson JEVitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega 3 Trial.Nat Commun.(2025 Apr 8)
Fibromyalgia Symptoms Florian Wepner, Raphael Scheuer, Birgit Schuetz Wieser, Peter Machacek, Elisabeth Pieler Bruha, Heide S Cross, Julia Hahne, Martin FriedrichEffects of vitamin D on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized placebo controlled trialPain.(2014 Feb)
Fibromyalgia Symptoms J F de Carvalho, F A G da Rocha Araújo, L M A da Mota, R B Aires, R P de AraujoVitamin D Supplementation Seems to Improve Fibromyalgia Symptoms: Preliminary ResultsIsr Med Assoc J.(2018 Jun)
Fibromyalgia Symptoms Atalay Dogru, Ayse Balkarli, Veli Cobankara, Sevket Ercan Tunc, Mehmet SahinEffects of Vitamin D Therapy on Quality of Life in Patients with FibromyalgiaEurasian J Med.(2017 Jun)
Fever Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida HRandomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildrenAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 May)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Zhou J, Du J, Huang L, Wang Y, Shi Y, Lin HPreventive Effects of Vitamin D on Seasonal Influenza A in Infants: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open, Controlled Clinical TrialPediatr Infect Dis J.(2018 Aug)
Influenza Risk Jorde R, Witham M, Janssens W, Rolighed L, Borchhardt K, de Boer IH, Grimnes G, Hutchinson MSVitamin D supplementation did not prevent influenza like illness as diagnosed retrospectively by questionnaires in subjects participating in randomized clinical trialsScand J Infect Dis.(2012 Feb)
Influenza Risk Urashima M, Mezawa H, Noya M, Camargo CA JrEffects of vitamin D supplements on influenza A illness during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: a randomized controlled trialFood Funct.(2014 Sep)
Testosterone Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, Kuhn J, Dreier J, Obermayer Pietsch B, Wehr E, Zittermann AEffect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in menHorm Metab Res.(2011 Mar)
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz WIndependent association of low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all cause and cardiovascular mortalityArch Intern Med.(2008 Jun 23)
COVID 19 Severity Igor H Murai, Alan L Fernandes, Lucas P Sales, Ana J Pinto, Karla F Goessler, Camila S C Duran, Carla B R Silva, André S Franco, Marina B Macedo, Henrique H H Dalmolin, Janaina Baggio, Guilherme G M Balbi, Bruna Z Reis, Leila Antonangelo, Valeria F Caparbo, Bruno Gualano, Rosa M R PereiraEffect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID 19: A Randomized Clinical TrialJAMA.(2021 Mar 16)
COVID 19 Severity Shaun Sabico, Mushira A Enani, Eman Sheshah, Naji J Aljohani, Dara A Aldisi, Naif H Alotaibi, Naemah Alshingetti, Suliman Y Alomar, Abdullah M Alnaami, Osama E Amer, Syed D Hussain, Nasser M Al DaghriEffects of a 2 Week 5000 IU versus 1000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Recovery of Symptoms in Patients with Mild to Moderate Covid 19: A Randomized Clinical TrialNutrients.(2021 Jun 24)
COVID 19 Severity Marta Entrenas Castillo, Luis Manuel Entrenas Costa, José Manuel Vaquero Barrios, Juan Francisco Alcalá Díaz, José López Miranda, Roger Bouillon, José Manuel Quesada Gomez”Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID 19: A pilot randomized clinical study”J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2020 Oct)
Need for mechanical ventilation Yang Y, Sun W, Yang F, Zhang G, Li X, Sun S, Xing YTherapeutic effects of vitamin D supplementation on COVID 19 aggravation: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Pharmacol.(2024)
Need for mechanical ventilation Zhu L, Zhang Y, Li X, Zou X, Bing P, Qi M, He BVitamin D supplementation for managing COVID 19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open.(2025 Mar 26)
Length of hospitalization Ghoreshi ZA, Charostad J, Arefinia N, Nakhaie M, Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd M, Salajegheh FEffect of vitamin D supplementation on clinical outcomes in adult patients with COVID 19: A GRADE assessed systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res Perspect.(2024 Sep 3)
Length of hospitalization Sartini M, Del Puente F, Carbone A, Schinca E, Ottria G, Dupont C, Piccinini C, Oliva M, Cristina MLThe Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation Post COVID 19 Infection and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.Nutrients.(2024 Nov 5)
Breast Cancer Risk Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Grant WB, Giovannucci EL, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Holick MF, Garland FCVitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysisJ Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2007 Mar)
Breast Cancer Risk Crew KD, Gammon MD, Steck SE, Hershman DL, Cremers S, Dworakowski E, Shane E, Terry MB, Desai M, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RMAssociation between plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer riskCancer Prev Res (Phila).(2009 Jun)
Aromatase Inhibitor Related Joint Pain Qamar J Khan, Pavan S Reddy, Bruce F Kimler, Priyanka Sharma, Susan E Baxa, Anne P ODea, Jennifer R Klemp, Carol J FabianEffect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels, joint pain, and fatigue in women starting adjuvant letrozole treatment for breast cancerBreast Cancer Res Treat.(2010 Jan)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) Seibert E, Lehmann U, Riedel A, Ulrich C, Hirche F, Brandsch C, Dierkes J, Girndt M, Stangl GIVitamin D3 supplementation does not modify cardiovascular risk profile of adults with inadequate vitamin D statusEur J Nutr.(2015 Nov 30)
Inflammation Gepner AD, Ramamurthy R, Krueger DC, Korcarz CE, Binkley N, Stein JHA prospective randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease riskPLoS One.(2012)
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease Cheng X, Chen Z, Fang Y, Zhang Q, Chen B, Xi W, Pan Z, Guo LEffect of vitamin D supplementation for major adverse cardiovascular events: a meta analysis based on randomised controlled trials.Br J Nutr.(2025 Jul 21)
Blood Pressure Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell CSerum 25 hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyAm J Hypertens.(2007 Jul)
Sleep Duration Majid MS, Ahmad HS, Bizhan H, Hosein HZM, Mohammad AThe effect of vitamin D supplement on the score and quality of sleep in 20 50 year old people with sleep disorders compared with control groupNutr Neurosci.(2018 Sep)
Fibromyalgia Symptoms David S Arvold, Marilyn J Odean, Maude P Dornfeld, Ronald R Regal, Judith G Arvold, Gene C Karwoski, David J Mast, Paul B Sanford, Robert J SjobergCorrelation of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency and symptom response to cholecalciferol treatment: a randomized controlled trialEndocr Pract.(2009 Apr)
Depression Symptoms Fu J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Yu X, Yan M, Jing B, Yu H, Li W, Guo QEfficacy of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms in older patients: a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Med (Lausanne).(2024 Oct 10)
Parathyroid Hormone David D Chandy, Jahnavi Kare, Shakal N Singh, Anjoo Agarwal, Vinita Das, Urmila Singh, V Ramesh, Vijayalakshmi BhatiaEffect of vitamin D supplementation, directly or via breast milk for term infants, on serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D and related biochemistry, and propensity to infection: a randomised placebo controlled trialBr J Nutr.(2016 Jul)
Calcium Absorption Abrams SA, Hawthorne KM, Chen ZSupplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D/d leads to parathyroid hormone suppression, but not increased fractional calcium absorption, in 4 8 y old children: a double blind randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2013 Jan)
Fracture Risk Bischoff Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Stuck AE, Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, Thoma A, Kiel DP, Henschkowski JPrevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta analysis of randomized controlled trialsArch Intern Med.(2009 Mar 23)
Bone turnover markers Wu M, Bhimavarapu A, Alvarez JA, Hunt WR, Tangpricha VChanges in bone turnover after high dose vitamin D supplementation during acute pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis.Bone.(2023 Sep)
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Heidari H, Amani R, Feizi A, Askari G, Kohan S, Tavasoli PVitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome Related inflammation and antioxidant markers in students with vitamin D deficient: a randomized clinical trialSci Rep.(2019 Oct 17)
Depression Symptoms Dadkhah H, Ebrahimi E, Fathizadeh NEvaluating the effects of vitamin D and vitamin E supplement on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double blind, controlled trialIran J Nurs Midwifery Res.(2016 Mar Apr)
Anxiety Symptoms Abdollahi R, Abiri B, Sarbakhsh P, Kashanian M, Vafa MThe Effect of Vitamin D Supplement Consumption on Premenstrual Syndrome in Vitamin D Deficient Young Girls: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical TrialComplement Med Res.(2019)
Anxiety Symptoms Tartagni M, Cicinelli MV, Tartagni MV, Alrasheed H, Matteo M, Baldini D, De Salvia M, Loverro G, Montagnani MVitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome Related Mood Disorders in Adolescents with Severe Hypovitaminosis DJ Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol.(2016 Aug)
Cramps Bahrami A, Avan A, Sadeghnia HR, Esmaeili H, Tayefi M, Ghasemi F, Nejati Salehkhani F, Arabpour Dahoue M, Rastgar Moghadam A, Ferns GA, Bahrami Taghanaki H, Ghayour Mobarhan MHigh dose vitamin D supplementation can improve menstrual problems, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome in adolescentsGynecol Endocrinol.(2018 Aug)
Glycemic Control A M Borissova, T Tankova, G Kirilov, L Dakovska, R KovachevaThe effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patientsInt J Clin Pract.(2003 May)
Insulin Chen W, Liu L, Hu FEfficacy of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: An updated systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetes Obes Metab.(2024 Oct 2)
Insulin Mitri J, Dawson Hughes B, Hu FB, Pittas AGEffects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic ? cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Aug)
Depression Symptoms Putranto R, Setiati S, Nasrun MW, Witjaksono F, Immanuel S, Subekti I, Harimurti K, Siswanto A, Shatri H, Suwarto S, Megantara MAEffects of cholecalciferol supplementation on depressive symptoms, C peptide, serotonin, and neurotrophin 3 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial.Narra J.(2024 Dec)
Glycemic Control Shaban Nazarian, John V St Peter, Raymond C Boston, Sidney A Jones, Cary N MariashVitamin D3 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired fasting glucoseTransl Res.(2011 Nov)
Insulin Resistance Wallace HJ, Holmes L, Ennis CN, Cardwell CR, Woodside JV, Young IS, Bell PM, Hunter SJ, McKinley MCEffect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin resistance and ? cell function in prediabetes: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial.Am J Clin Nutr.(2019 Nov 01)
Pain Prieto Alhambra D, Javaid MK, Servitja S, Arden NK, Martinez García M, Diez Perez A, Albanell J, Tusquets I, Nogues XVitamin D threshold to prevent aromatase inhibitor induced arthralgia: a prospective cohort studyBreast Cancer Res Treat.(2011 Feb)
Insulin Sepehrmanesh Z, Kolahdooz F, Abedi F, Mazroii N, Assarian A, Asemi Z, Esmaillzadeh AVitamin D Supplementation Affects the Beck Depression Inventory, Insulin Resistance, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical TrialJ Nutr.(2016 Feb)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms Somnath SH, Biswal N, Chandrasekaran V, Jagadisan B, Bobby ZTherapeutic effect of vitamin D in acute lower respiratory infection: A randomized controlled trialClin Nutr ESPEN.(2017 Aug)
All Cause Mortality Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M, Gluud CVitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2011 Jul 6)
Type 1 Diabetes Incidence Mohr SB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Garland FCThe association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwideDiabetologia.(2008 Aug)
HbA1c Kositsawat J, Freeman VL, Gerber BS, Geraci SAssociation of A1C levels with vitamin D status in U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyDiabetes Care.(2010 Jun)
Tuberculosis risk Middelkoop K, Stewart J, Walker N, Delport C, Jolliffe DA, Coussens AK, Nuttall J, Tang JCY, Fraser WD, Griffiths CJ, Kumar GT, Filteau S, Hooper RL, Wilkinson RJ, Bekker LG, Martineau ARVitamin D supplementation to prevent tuberculosis infection in South African schoolchildren: multicenter phase 3 double blind randomized placebo controlled trial (ViDiKids).Int J Infect Dis.(2023 Sep)
Power Output Owens DJ, Sharples AP, Polydorou I, Alwan N, Donovan T, Tang J, Fraser WD, Cooper RG, Morton JP, Stewart CGLA systems based investigation into vitamin D and skeletal muscle repair, regeneration, and hypertrophyAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2015 Dec 15)
Pancreatic Cancer Risk Skinner HG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, FuchsCSVitamin D intake and the risk for pancreatic cancer in two cohort studiesCancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.(2006 Sep)
Fall Risk Bischoff Ferrari HA, Dawson Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, Stuck AE, Theiler R, Wong JB, Egli A, Kiel DP, Henschkowski JFall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trialsBMJ.(2009 Oct 1)
Fall Risk Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff Ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DPA higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple dose studyJ Am Geriatr Soc.(2007 Feb)
Fall Risk Michos ED, Kalyani RR, Blackford AL, Sternberg AL, Mitchell CM, Juraschek SP, Schrack JA, Wanigatunga AA, Roth DL, Christenson RH, Miller ER, Appel LJThe Relationship of Falls With Achieved 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Levels From Vitamin D Supplementation: The STURDY Trial.J Endocr Soc.(2022 Jun 01)
Functionality in Elderly or Injured Guralnik JM, Sternberg AL, Mitchell CM, Blackford AL, Schrack J, Wanigatunga AA, Michos E, Juraschek SP, Szanton S, Kalyani R, Cai Y, Appel LJ,Effects of Vitamin D on Physical Function: Results From the STURDY Trial.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2022 Aug 12)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Jingya Jia, Jing Hu, Xiaoxu Huo, Rujuan Miao, Yanping Zhang, Fei MaEffects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function and blood A? related biomarkers in older adults with Alzheimers disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trialJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.(2019 Dec)
Blood Pressure Witham MD, Nadir MA, StruthersADEffect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta analysisJ Hypertens.(2009 Oct)
Bone Mineral Density Yang Y, Yang M, Su X, XieFEfficacy of combination therapy of vitamin D and bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta analysis.Front Pharmacol.(2024 Nov 21)
Otitis Media Risk Marchisio P, Consonni D, Baggi E, Zampiero A, Bianchini S, Terranova L, Tirelli S, Esposito S, Principi NVitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of acute otitis media in otitis prone childrenPediatr Infect Dis J.(2013 Oct)
Cathelicidin Sanders EC, Burkes RM, Mock JR, Brown TT, Wise RA, Hansel NN, Liu MC, Drummond MBBronchoalveolar Lavage and Plasma Cathelicidin Response to 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Supplementation: A Pilot Study.Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis.(2021 Jul 28)
Wound Healing Halschou Jensen PM, Sauer J, Bouchelouche P, Fabrin J, Brorson S, Ohrt Nissen SImproved Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers After High dose Vitamin D: A Randomized Double blinded Clinical Trial.Int J Low Extrem Wounds.(2023 Sep)
Acne Symptoms Ruikchuchit T, Juntongjin PRole of vitamin D supplement adjunct to topical benzoyl peroxide in acne: a randomized double blinded controlled study.Int J Womens Dermatol.(2024 Oct)
Bone Mineral Density Grove Laugesen D, Ebbehoj E, Watt T, Hansen KW, Rejnmark LChanges in bone density and microarchitecture following treatment of Graves disease and the effects of vitamin D supplementation. A randomized clinical trial.Osteoporos Int.(2024 Sep 12)
Itching Li CP, Huang SC, Hsiao Y, Tsai RYEvaluating the Role of Vitamin D in Alleviating Chronic Pruritus: A Meta Analysis.Int J Mol Sci.(2024 Sep 16)
Inflammation Masbough F, Kouchek M, Koosha M, Salarian S, Miri M, Raoufi M, Taherpour N, Amniati S, Sistanizad MInvestigating the Effect of High Dose Vitamin D3 Administration on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Iran J Med Sci.(2024 Oct)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms .(2024 09 04)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms Qi S, Zhao M, Sun Y, Boro S, Arora B, Rastogi SImpact of vitamin D supplementation on symptom severity and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A meta analysis.Adv Clin Exp Med.(2025 Jan 24)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Bournot AR, Darling AL, Givens ID, Lovegrove JA, Lanham New SA, Hart KHEffect of vitamin D status and vitamin D supplementation on immune function and prevention of acute respiratory tract infections in dark skinned individuals: a sy