Vitamin E
Vitamin E ist ein fettlösliches Antioxidans, das Zellen vor oxidativem Schaden schützt und in mehreren gängigen Lebensmitteln vorkommt. Die Einnahme von zusätzlichem Vitamin E hat keine umfassenden Gesundheitsvorteile, außer bei Menschen mit Vitamin E-Mangel, und eine langfristige hochdosierte Supplementierung kann schädlich sein.
-
Letztes Update:28. November 2025
Übersicht
Überblick
Was ist Vitamin E?
Vitamin E ist der allgemeine Begriff, der sich auf eine Gruppe von acht fettlöslichen Molekülen bezieht, darunter vier Tocopherole und vier Tocotrienole. Diese Moleküle fungieren hauptsächlich als Antioxidantien und schützen Zellmembranen vor oxidativem Schaden, der durch freie Radikale verursacht wird, welche instabile Moleküle sind, die Zellen schädigen und zum Altern sowie zu Krankheiten beitragen können. Vitamin E wird als ‚essentielle‘ Nährstoff klassifiziert, da es im Körper nicht synthetisiert werden kann. Aus diesem Grund müssen Menschen Vitamin E über ihre Ernährung aufnehmen.
Vitamin E wird häufig als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel verkauft, das typischerweise Alpha-Tocopherol enthält; jedoch ist Vitamin E leicht über die Ernährung zu erhalten, und hohe Mengen pro Portion sind in mehreren Lebensmitteln enthalten, darunter Nüsse (z.B. Mandeln, Erdnüsse), Samen (z.B. Sonnenblumenkerne), pflanzliche Öle (z.B. Sonnenblumen-, Saflor- und Sojaöl), Blattgemüse (z.B. Spinat, Kohl, Brokkoli, Grünkohl) und angereicherte Cerealien. Konsultieren Sie die FoodData Central-Datenbank, um die Mengen an Vitamin E in den Lebensmitteln, die Sie essen, zu überprüfen. Die empfohlene täglicheZulassung (RDA) für Vitamin E bei Erwachsenen beträgt 15 Milligramm pro Tag.
Was sind die Vorteile von Vitamin E?
Hauptvorteile: Da Vitamin E ein Antioxidans ist, das Zellen vor oxidativem Schaden schützt, werden zahlreiche Vorteile durch die Supplementierung behauptet, darunter ein verringertes Krebsrisiko, eine verbesserte Erholungszeit nach dem Training sowie eine verbesserte Gehirn-, Leber-, Augen-, Haut- und Immun-Gesundheit. Diese Behauptungen stammen wahrscheinlich aus epidemiologischen Beweisen, da Beobachtungsstudien gezeigt haben, dass ein höherer Vitamin E-Aufnahme über die Nahrung mit einem verringerten Risiko für mehrere Erkrankungen assoziiert ist, darunter gastrointestinale Krankheiten (z.B. nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung oder NAFLD), Demenz, Alzheimer-Krankheit, metabolisches Syndrom und koronare Herzkrankheit. Allerdings beweisen Assoziationen aus Beobachtungsstudien nicht Ursache und Wirkung, und daher deuten die Ergebnisse nicht darauf hin, dass die Einnahme von Vitamin E diese Krankheiten verhindert oder behandelt.
Obwohl die Supplementierung mit Vitamin E einige zirkulierende Entzündungsmarker (TNF-alpha und CRP) und Leberenzyme (insbesondere bei Personen mit NAFLD) senken kann, ist derzeit ungewiss, ob diese Effekte zu verbesserten Gesundheitsresultaten führen. Darüber hinaus werden die behaupteten Vorteile von Vitamin E in Bezug auf Krankheitsrisiko und verbesserte Gesundheit nicht durch die Beweise aus Meta-Analysen unterstützt, die ergeben haben, dass die Supplementierung mit Vitamin E die Erholungszeit nach dem Training nicht verbessert oder das Risiko für Schlaganfall, Krebs oder Demenz (einschließlich Alzheimer-Krankheit) nicht verringert. Zudem fand eine große randomisierte kontrollierte Studie bei Personen mit hohem Risiko für Herzkrankheiten oder Krebs heraus, dass eine langfristige Supplementierung mit Vitamin E die Inzidenz von Herzinfarkten, Schlaganfällen oder Krebs nicht senkte, und die Supplementierung mit Vitamin E hat keinen positiven Einfluss auf die Gesamtmortalität gezeigt.
Insgesamt gibt es für die durchschnittliche Person wenig Beweise dafür, dass die Supplementierung mit Vitamin E die Gesundheit verbessert, Krankheiten vorbeugt oder die Lebensdauer über die Sicherstellung der empfohlenen täglichen Zufuhr (RDA) aus einer ausgewogenen Ernährung hinaus verlängert. Vorteile könnten wahrscheinlicher bei Personen mit einem Vitamin-E-Mangel auftreten. Ein Vitamin-E-Mangel ist jedoch selten, da Vitamin E in hohen Mengen in mehreren gängigen Lebensmitteln vorkommt. Daher wird eine Ernährung, die eine Vielzahl von Lebensmitteln mit hohen Vitamin E-Gehalten umfasst, ausreichende Vitamin E-Werte im Körper aufrechterhalten.
Was sind die Nachteile von Vitamin E?
Hauptnachteile: Ein Hauptnachteil von Vitamin E ist der allgemeine Mangel an Nutzen von Nahrungsergänzungen für die Gesundheitsoutcomes (außer bei Personen mit Vitamin-E-Mangel). Ein weiterer Hauptnachteil ist, dass hochdosiertes Vitamin E adverse Effekte haben kann – während die normale Zufuhr von Vitamin E sicher und notwendig ist, gilt: \Mehr ist nicht immer besser\.
Zum Beispiel zeigen Meta-Analysen, dass die langfristige Einnahme von hohen Vitamin-E-Dosen – über 300–400 IU/Tag oder 135–180 mg/Tag – die allgemeine Sterblichkeit leicht erhöhen könnte und das Risiko für bestimmte Krebsarten, wie Prostatakrebs und Blasenkrebs, steigern kann. Bei Patienten mit Herzkrankheiten oder Typ-2-Diabetes wurde ebenfalls ein geringer Anstieg des Risikos für Herzinsuffizienz im Zusammenhang mit langfristiger hochdosierter Vitamin-E-Supplementierung festgestellt. Darüber hinaus berichteten einige Studienteilnehmer, die sehr hohe Dosen einnahmen, von Übelkeit, Durchfall, Müdigkeit oder verschwommenem Sehen.
Hohe Zufuhrmengen von Vitamin E können die Beeinträchtigung der Blutgerinnung bei Personen mit Vitamin-K-Mangel verschlimmern, was zu einer höheren Neigung zu Blutungen führt. Beispielsweise stellte eine Meta-Analyse fest, dass die Supplementierung mit Vitamin E mit einem um 22 % höheren Risiko für hämorrhagischen Schlaganfall (einer schweren Form des Schlaganfalls, die mit Blutungen im Gehirn verbunden ist) assoziiert war.
Die empfohlene Tagesdosis (RDA) für Vitamin E bei Erwachsenen beträgt 15 Milligramm pro Tag, und die tolerierbare obere Aufnahmemenge (UL) für Vitamin E bei Erwachsenen liegt bei 1.000 Milligramm pro Tag. Die oben beschriebenen unerwünschten Wirkungen sind typischerweise mit langfristigen täglichen Aufnahmen über der RDA verbunden. Angesichts der Risiken, der fehlenden Vorteile und der Leichtigkeit, mit der Vitamin E über die Nahrung aufgenommen werden kann, ist eine Supplementierung mit Vitamin E selten notwendig. Suchen Sie Rat bei Ihrem Arzt, wenn Sie unsicher sind.
Wie funktioniert Vitamin E?
Wie funktioniert es?.. :Evidenz aus In-vitro-Experimenten zeigt, dass die antioxidativen Eigenschaften von Vitamin E dabei helfen, Zellen vor Schäden durch freie Radikale (instabile Moleküle) zu schützen.\ [1][2][3] In-vitro-Experimente haben auch ergeben, dass Vitamin E die Freisetzung von entzündungsfördernden Zytokinen modulieren kann.\ [4] Diese Mechanismen erklären, wie die normale Nahrungsaufnahme von Vitamin E die Immunfunktion unterstützt und den Körper vor zellulären Schäden und Entzündungen schützt.\ [1][2][3]
Weitere Informationen
Verweise
CD8 Lymphocytes Radhakrishnan AK, Lee AL, Wong PF, Kaur J, Aung H, Nesaretnam K. Daily supplementation of tocotrienol rich fraction or alpha tocopherol did not induce immunomodulatory changes in healthy human volunteers. Br J Nutr. (2009 Mar)
Interferon Gamma Mahalingam D, Radhakrishnan AK, Amom Z, Ibrahim N, Nesaretnam K. Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol rich fraction on immune response to tetanus toxoid immunization in normal healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2011 Jan)
Interferon Gamma Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC, Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50 and 100 mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr. (1999 Jun)
Immunoglobulin G Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. (1990 Sep)
White Blood Cell Count Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (1997 May 7)
C Reactive Protein (CRP) Singh I, Turner AH, Sinclair AJ, Li D, Hawley JA. Effects of gamma tocopherol supplementation on thrombotic risk factors. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2007)
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Buring JE. Aspirin prevents stroke but not MI in women; vitamin E has no effect on CV disease or cancer. Cleve Clin J Med. (2006 Sep)
Stroke Risk Loh HC, Lim R, Lee KW, Ooi CY, Chuan DR, Looi I, Kah Hay Y, Abdul Karim Khan N. Effects of vitamin E on stroke: a systematic review with meta analysis and trial sequential analysis. Stroke Vasc Neurol. (2021 Mar)
Stroke Risk Schürks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. (2010 Nov 4)
C Reactive Protein (CRP) Economides PA, Khaodhiar L, Caselli A, Caballero AE, Keenan H, Bursell SE, King GL, Johnstone MT, Horton ES, Veves A. The effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. (2005 Jan)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Roberts LJ 2nd, Oates JA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Meador BP, Gross MD, Shyr Y, Morrow JD. The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans. Free Radic Biol Med. (2007 Nov 15)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Meagher EA, Barry OP, Lawson JA, Rokach J, FitzGerald GA. Effects of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in healthy persons. JAMA. (2001 Mar 7)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Rasool AH, Yuen KH, Yusoff K, Wong AR, Rahman AR. Dose dependent elevation of plasma tocotrienol levels and its effect on arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status, and lipid profile in healthy humans supplemented with tocotrienol rich vitamin E. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2006 Dec)
High density lipoprotein (HDL) Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Pedrosa M, Diamond R, Schaefer EJ. Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. (1998 Aug)
Neutrophil Count Meydani SN, Meydani M, Rall LC, Morrow F, Blumberg JB. Assessment of the safety of high dose, short term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. (1994 Nov)
Blood Flow Gazis A, White DJ, Page SR, Cockcroft JR. Effect of oral vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) supplementation on vascular endothelial function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. (1999 Apr)
All Cause Mortality Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Womens Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (2005 Jul 6)
Prostate Cancer Risk Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. (2009 Jan 7)
Prostate Cancer Risk Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha tocopherol and beta carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. (1998 Mar 18)
Prostate Cancer Risk Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. (2011 Oct 12)
Prostate Cancer Risk Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold JM, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais GR, HOPE and HOPE TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (2005 Mar 16)
Total cholesterol Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, McCullough A, Diehl AM, Bass NM, Neuschwander Tetri BA, Lavine JE, Tonascia J, Unalp A, Van Natta M, Clark J, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH, Robuck PR, NASH CRN. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. (2010 May 6)
Total cholesterol T Hasegawa, M Yoneda, K Nakamura, I Makino, A Terano. Plasma transforming growth factor beta1 level and efficacy of alpha tocopherol in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (2001 Oct)
Cirrhosis Severity Sumida Y, Naito Y, Tanaka S, Sakai K, Inada Y, Taketani H, Kanemasa K, Yasui K, Itoh Y, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T. Long term (>=2 yr) efficacy of vitamin E for non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology. (2013 Sep)
Liver Fat Chee NM, Sinnanaidu RP, Chan WK. Vitamin E improves serum markers and histology in adults with metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: Systematic review and meta analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2024 Aug 16)
Liver Enzymes Miwa Kawanaka, Sabina Mahmood, Gouichi Niiyama, Akiyoshi Izumi, Ayumi Kamei, Hideji Ikeda, Mitsuhiko Suehiro, Kazumi Togawa, Takayo Sasagawa, Misako Okita, Hajime Nakamura, Junji Yodoi, Gotaro Yamada. Control of oxidative stress and reduction in biochemical markers by Vitamin E treatment in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Hepatology Research. ()
TNF Alpha Wu JH, Ward NC, Indrawan AP, Almeida CA, Hodgson JM, Proudfoot JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Effects of alpha tocopherol and mixed tocopherol supplementation on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem. (2007 Mar)
Thromboxane B2 Clarke MW, Ward NC, Wu JH, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Supplementation with mixed tocopherols increases serum and blood cell gamma tocopherol but does not alter biomarkers of platelet activation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. (2006 Jan)
DNA Damage Winterbone MS, Sampson MJ, Saha S, Hughes JC, Hughes DA. Pro oxidant effect of alpha tocopherol in patients with type 2 diabetes after an oral glucose tolerance test a randomised controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. (2007 Feb 22)
DNA Damage Sampson MJ, Astley S, Richardson T, Willis G, Davies IR, Hughes DA, Southon S. Increased DNA oxidative susceptibility without increased plasma LDL oxidizability in Type II diabetes: effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond). (2001 Sep)
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Liu S, Lee IM, Song Y, Van Denburgh M, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE. Vitamin E and risk of type 2 diabetes in the womens health study randomized controlled trial. Diabetes. (2006 Oct)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Karlson EW, Shadick NA, Cook NR, Buring JE, Lee IM. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of rheumatoid arthritis: the Womens Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. (2008 Nov 15)
Triglycerides Tsai AC, Kelley JJ, Peng B, Cook N. Study on the effect of megavitamin E supplementation in man. Am J Clin Nutr. (1978 May)
Triglycerides P M Farrell, J G Bieri. Megavitamin E supplementation in man. Am J Clin Nutr. (1975 Dec)
Serum T4 Kitagawa M, Mino M. Effects of elevated d alpha(RRR) tocopherol dosage in man. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (1989 Apr)
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Ziaei S, Faghihzadeh S, Sohrabvand F, Lamyian M, Emamgholy. A randomised placebo controlled trial to determine the effect of vitamin E in treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. BJOG. (2001 Nov)
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Ziaei S, Zakeri M, Kazemnejad A. A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. BJOG. (2005 Apr)
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Kashanian M, Lakeh MM, Ghasemi A, Noori S. Evaluation of the effect of vitamin E on pelvic pain reduction in women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med. (2013 Jan Feb)
Free Testosterone Yeksan M, Polat M, Türk S, Kazanci H, Akhan G, Erdogan Y, Erkul I. Effect of vitamin E therapy on sexual functions of uremic patients in hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs. (1992 Nov)
Anxiety Symptoms Dadkhah H, Ebrahimi E, Fathizadeh N. Evaluating the effects of vitamin D and vitamin E supplement on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. (2016 Mar Apr)
PMS Symptoms Mandana Z, Azar A. Comparison of the Effect of Vit E, VitB6, Calcium and Omega 3 on the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Clinical Randomized Trial. Annu Res Rev Biol. ()
PMS Symptoms London RS, Sundaram G, Manimekalai S, Murphy L, Reynolds M, Goldstein P. The effect of alpha tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double blind study. II. Endocrine correlates. J Am Coll Nutr. (1984)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Huber G, Keck E, Keul J. alpha Tocopherol supplementation in racing cyclists during extreme endurance training. Int J Sport Nutr. (1994 Sep)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Morrow JD, Shooter LA, Holmes S, Heward C, Henson DA. Effect of alpha tocopherol supplementation on plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress in highly trained athletes before and after exhaustive exercise. J Nutr Biochem. (2005 Sep)
Blood Flow Skyrme Jones RA, OBrien RC, Berry KL, Meredith IT. Vitamin E supplementation improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2000 Jul)
Weight Meydani SN, Leka LS, Fine BC, Dallal GE, Keusch GT, Singh MF, Hamer DH. Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (2004 Aug 18)
Thromboembolism Risk Glynn RJ, Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Zee RY, Buring JE. Effects of random allocation to vitamin E supplementation on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism: report from the Womens Health Study. Circulation. (2007 Sep 25)
All Cause Mortality McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology. (2004 Jan)
Asthma Symptoms Pearson PJ, Lewis SA, Britton J, Fogarty A. Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax. (2004 Aug)
Hair Regrowth Beoy LA, Woei WJ, Hay YK. Effects of tocotrienol supplementation on hair growth in human volunteers. Trop Life Sci Res. (2010 Dec)
Alzheimers Disease Risk Wang W, Li J, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang X. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on the risk and progression of AD: a systematic review and meta analysis. Nutr Neurosci. (2021 Jan)
Alzheimers Disease Risk Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, Galasko D, Jin S, Kaye J, Levey A, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, van Dyck CH, Thal LJ, Alzheimers Disease Cooperative Study Group. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. (2005 Jun 9)
Alzheimers Disease Risk Farina N, Llewellyn D, Isaac MGEKN, Tabet N. Vitamin E for Alzheimers dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2017 Apr 18)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, Vertrees JE, Pallaki M, Llorente M, Love S, Schellenberg GD, McCarten JR, Malphurs J, Prieto S, Chen P, Loreck DJ, Trapp G, Bakshi RS, Mintzer JE, Heidebrink JL, Vidal Cardona A, Arroyo LM, Cruz AR, Zachariah S, Kowall NW, Chopra MP, Craft S, Thielke S, Turvey CL, Woodman C, Monnell KA, Gordon K, Tomaska J, Segal Y, Peduzzi PN, Guarino PD. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM AD VA cooperative randomized trial. JAMA. (2014 Jan 1)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, Woodbury P, Growdon J, Cotman CW, Pfeiffer E, Schneider LS, Thal LJ. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimers disease. The Alzheimers Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. (1997 Apr 24)
Cognitive Decline Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Grodstein J. A randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in women. Arch Intern Med. (2006 Dec 11 25)
Scar Healing Jenkins M, Alexander JW, MacMillan BG, Waymack JP, Kopcha R. Failure of topical steroids and vitamin E to reduce postoperative scar formation following reconstructive surgery. J Burn Care Rehabil. (1986 Jul Aug)
Scar Healing Baumann LS, Spencer J. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatol Surg. (1999 Apr)
Breast Tenderness Parsay S, Olfati F, Nahidi S. Therapeutic effects of vitamin E on cyclic mastalgia. Breast J. (2009 Sep Oct)
Breast Tenderness Shobeiri F, Oshvandi K, Nazari M. Clinical effectiveness of vitamin E and vitamin B6 for improving pain severity in cyclic mastalgia. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. (2015 Nov Dec)
Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms Seyed Amir Mirbagheri, Behtash Ghazi Nezami, Solmaz Assa, Mannan Hajimahmoodi. Rectal administration of d alpha tocopherol for active ulcerative colitis: a preliminary report. World J Gastroenterol. (2008 Oct 21)
Plasma Vitamin E Okebukola PO, Kansra S, Barrett J. Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2020 Sep 06)
Liver Enzymes Wen H, Deng H, Yang L, Li L, Lin J, Zheng P, Bjelakovic M, Ji G. Vitamin E for people with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2024 Oct 16)
Creatinine Meng L, Liu S, Cui W. Renal protective effects of vitamin E for drug induced kidney injury: a meta analysis. Front Pharmacol. (2025)
Sperm Count Michaelsen MP, Poulsen M, Bjerregaard AA, Borgstrøm M, Poulsen LK, Chortsen MB, Henriksen SG, Kesmodel US. The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Male Infertility in Terms of Pregnancy, Live Birth, and Sperm Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Nutrients. (2025 May 18)
Interferon Gamma Mahalingam D, Radhakrishnan AK, Amom Z, Ibrahim N, Nesaretnam K. Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol rich fraction on immune response to tetanus toxoid immunization in normal healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2011 Jan)
Interferon Gamma Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC, Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50 and 100 mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr. (1999 Jun)
Immunoglobulin G Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. (1990 Sep)
White Blood Cell Count Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (1997 May 7)
C Reactive Protein (CRP) Singh I, Turner AH, Sinclair AJ, Li D, Hawley JA. Effects of gamma tocopherol supplementation on thrombotic risk factors. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2007)
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Buring JE. Aspirin prevents stroke but not MI in women; vitamin E has no effect on CV disease or cancer. Cleve Clin J Med. (2006 Sep)
Stroke Risk Loh HC, Lim R, Lee KW, Ooi CY, Chuan DR, Looi I, Kah Hay Y, Abdul Karim Khan N. Effects of vitamin E on stroke: a systematic review with meta analysis and trial sequential analysis. Stroke Vasc Neurol. (2021 Mar)
Stroke Risk Schürks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. (2010 Nov 4)
C Reactive Protein (CRP) Economides PA, Khaodhiar L, Caselli A, Caballero AE, Keenan H, Bursell SE, King GL, Johnstone MT, Horton ES, Veves A. The effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. (2005 Jan)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Roberts LJ 2nd, Oates JA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Meador BP, Gross MD, Shyr Y, Morrow JD. The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans. Free Radic Biol Med. (2007 Nov 15)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Meagher EA, Barry OP, Lawson JA, Rokach J, FitzGerald GA. Effects of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in healthy persons. JAMA. (2001 Mar 7)
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Rasool AH, Yuen KH, Yusoff K, Wong AR, Rahman AR. Dose dependent elevation of plasma tocotrienol levels and its effect on arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status, and lipid profile in healthy humans supplemented with tocotrienol rich vitamin E. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2006 Dec)
High density lipoprotein (HDL) Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Pedrosa M, Diamond R, Schaefer EJ. Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. (1998 Aug)
Neutrophil Count Meydani SN, Meydani M, Rall LC, Morrow F, Blumberg JB. Assessment of the safety of high dose, short term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. (1994 Nov)
Blood Flow Gazis A, White DJ, Page SR, Cockcroft JR. Effect of oral vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) supplementation on vascular endothelial function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. (1999 Apr)
All Cause Mortality Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Womens Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (2005 Jul 6)
Prostate Cancer Risk Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. (2009 Jan 7)
Prostate Cancer Risk Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha tocopherol and beta carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. (1998 Mar 18)
Prostate Cancer Risk Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. (2011 Oct 12)
Prostate Cancer Risk Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold JM, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais GR, HOPE and HOPE TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (2005 Mar 16)
Total cholesterol Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, McCullough A, Diehl AM, Bass NM, Neuschwander Tetri BA, Lavine JE, Tonascia J, Unalp A, Van Natta M, Clark J, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH, Robuck PR, NASH CRN. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. (2010 May 6)
Total cholesterol T Hasegawa, M Yoneda, K Nakamura, I Makino, A Terano. Plasma transforming growth factor beta1 level and efficacy of alpha tocopherol in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (2001 Oct)
Cirrhosis Severity Sumida Y, Naito Y, Tanaka S, Sakai K, Inada Y, Taketani H, Kanemasa K, Yasui K, Itoh Y, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T. Long term (>=2 yr) efficacy of vitamin E for non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology. (2013 Sep)
Liver Fat Chee NM, Sinnanaidu RP, Chan WK. Vitamin E improves serum markers and histology in adults with metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: Systematic review and meta analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2024 Aug 16)
Liver Enzymes Miwa Kawanaka, Sabina Mahmood, Gouichi Niiyama, Akiyoshi Izumi, Ayumi Kamei, Hideji Ikeda, Mitsuhiko Suehiro, Kazumi Togawa, Takayo Sasagawa, Misako Okita, Hajime Nakamura, Junji Yodoi, Gotaro Yamada. Control of oxidative stress and reduction in biochemical markers by Vitamin E treatment in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Hepatology Research. ()
TNF Alpha Wu JH, Ward NC, Indrawan AP, Almeida CA, Hodgson JM, Proudfoot JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Effects of alpha tocopherol and mixed tocopherol supplementation on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem. (2007 Mar)
Thromboxane B2 Clarke MW, Ward NC, Wu JH, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD. Supplementation with mixed tocopherols increases serum and blood cell gamma tocopherol but does not alter biomarkers of platelet activation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. (2006 Jan)
DNA Damage Winterbone MS, Sampson MJ, Saha S, Hughes JC, Hughes DA. Pro oxidant effect of alpha tocopherol in patients with type 2 diabetes after an oral glucose tolerance test a randomised controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. (2007 Feb 22)
DNA Damage Sampson MJ, Astley S, Richardson T, Willis G, Davies IR, Hughes DA, Southon S. Increased DNA oxidative susceptibility without increased plasma LDL oxidizability in Type II diabetes: effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation. Clin Sci (Lond). (2001 Sep)
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Liu S, Lee IM, Song Y, Van Denburgh M, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE. Vitamin E and risk of type 2 diabetes in the womens health study randomized controlled trial. Diabetes. (2006 Oct)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Karlson EW, Shadick NA, Cook NR, Buring JE, Lee IM. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of rheumatoid arthritis: the Womens Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. (2008 Nov 15)
Triglycerides Tsai AC, Kelley JJ, Peng B, Cook N. Study on the effect of megavitamin E supplementation in man. Am J Clin Nutr. (1978 May)
Triglycerides P M Farrell, J G Bieri. Megavitamin E supplementation in man. Am J Clin Nutr. (1975 Dec)
Serum T4 Kitagawa M, Mino M. Effects of elevated d alpha(RRR) tocopherol dosage in man. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (1989 Apr)
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Ziaei S, Faghihzadeh S, Sohrabvand F, Lamyian M, Emamgholy. A randomised placebo controlled trial to determine the effect of vitamin E in treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. BJOG. (2001 Nov)
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Ziaei S, Zakeri M, Kazemnejad A. A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. BJOG. (2005 Apr)
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Kashanian M, Lakeh MM, Ghasemi A, Noori S. Evaluation of the effect of vitamin E on pelvic pain reduction in women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med. (2013 Jan Feb)
Free Testosterone Yeksan M, Polat M, Türk S, Kazanci H, Akhan G, Erdogan Y, Erkul I. Effect of vitamin E therapy on sexual functions of uremic patients in hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs. (1992 Nov)
Anxiety Symptoms Dadkhah H, Ebrahimi E, Fathizadeh N. Evaluating the effects of vitamin D and vitamin E supplement on premenstrual syndrome: A randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. (2016 Mar Apr)
PMS Symptoms Mandana Z, Azar A. Comparison of the Effect of Vit E, VitB6, Calcium and Omega 3 on the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Clinical Randomized Trial. Annu Res Rev Biol. ()
PMS Symptoms London RS, Sundaram G, Manimekalai S, Murphy L, Reynolds M, Goldstein P. The effect of alpha tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double blind study. II. Endocrine correlates. J Am Coll Nutr. (1984)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Huber G, Keck E, Keul J. alpha Tocopherol supplementation in racing cyclists during extreme endurance training. Int J Sport Nutr. (1994 Sep)
Aerobic Exercise Metrics McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Morrow JD, Shooter LA, Holmes S, Heward C, Henson DA. Effect of alpha tocopherol supplementation on plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress in highly trained athletes before and after exhaustive exercise. J Nutr Biochem. (2005 Sep)
Blood Flow Skyrme Jones RA, OBrien RC, Berry KL, Meredith IT. Vitamin E supplementation improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2000 Jul)
Weight Meydani SN, Leka LS, Fine BC, Dallal GE, Keusch GT, Singh MF, Hamer DH. Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. (2004 Aug 18)
Thromboembolism Risk Glynn RJ, Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Zee RY, Buring JE. Effects of random allocation to vitamin E supplementation on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism: report from the Womens Health Study. Circulation. (2007 Sep 25)
All Cause Mortality McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology. (2004 Jan)
Asthma Symptoms Pearson PJ, Lewis SA, Britton J, Fogarty A. Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax. (2004 Aug)
Hair Regrowth Beoy LA, Woei WJ, Hay YK. Effects of tocotrienol supplementation on hair growth in human volunteers. Trop Life Sci Res. (2010 Dec)
Alzheimers Disease Risk Wang W, Li J, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang X. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on the risk and progression of AD: a systematic review and meta analysis. Nutr Neurosci. (2021 Jan)
Alzheimers Disease Risk Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, Galasko D, Jin S, Kaye J, Levey A, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, van Dyck CH, Thal LJ, Alzheimers Disease Cooperative Study Group. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. (2005 Jun 9)
Alzheimers Disease Risk Farina N, Llewellyn D, Isaac MGEKN, Tabet N. Vitamin E for Alzheimers dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2017 Apr 18)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, Vertrees JE, Pallaki M, Llorente M, Love S, Schellenberg GD, McCarten JR, Malphurs J, Prieto S, Chen P, Loreck DJ, Trapp G, Bakshi RS, Mintzer JE, Heidebrink JL, Vidal Cardona A, Arroyo LM, Cruz AR, Zachariah S, Kowall NW, Chopra MP, Craft S, Thielke S, Turvey CL, Woodman C, Monnell KA, Gordon K, Tomaska J, Segal Y, Peduzzi PN, Guarino PD. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM AD VA cooperative randomized trial. JAMA. (2014 Jan 1)
Alzheimers Disease Symptoms Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, Woodbury P, Growdon J, Cotman CW, Pfeiffer E, Schneider LS, Thal LJ. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimers disease. The Alzheimers Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. (1997 Apr 24)
Cognitive Decline Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Grodstein J. A randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in women. Arch Intern Med. (2006 Dec 11 25)
Scar Healing Jenkins M, Alexander JW, MacMillan BG, Waymack JP, Kopcha R. Failure of topical steroids and vitamin E to reduce postoperative scar formation following reconstructive surgery. J Burn Care Rehabil. (1986 Jul Aug)
Scar Healing Baumann LS, Spencer J. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatol Surg. (1999 Apr)
Breast Tenderness Parsay S, Olfati F, Nahidi S. Therapeutic effects of vitamin E on cyclic mastalgia. Breast J. (2009 Sep Oct)
Breast Tenderness Shobeiri F, Oshvandi K, Nazari M. Clinical effectiveness of vitamin E and vitamin B6 for improving pain severity in cyclic mastalgia. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. (2015 Nov Dec)
Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms Seyed Amir Mirbagheri, Behtash Ghazi Nezami, Solmaz Assa, Mannan Hajimahmoodi. Rectal administration of d alpha tocopherol for active ulcerative colitis: a preliminary report. World J Gastroenterol. (2008 Oct 21)
Plasma Vitamin E Okebukola PO, Kansra S, Barrett J. Vitamin E supplementation in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2020 Sep 06)
Liver Enzymes Wen H, Deng H, Yang L, Li L, Lin J, Zheng P, Bjelakovic M, Ji G. Vitamin E for people with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2024 Oct 16)
Creatinine Meng L, Liu S, Cui W. Renal protective effects of vitamin E for drug induced kidney injury: a meta analysis. Front Pharmacol. (2025)
Sperm Count Michaelsen MP, Poulsen M, Bjerregaard AA, Borgstrøm M, Poulsen LK, Chortsen MB, Henriksen SG, Kesmodel US. The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Male Infertility in Terms of Pregnancy, Live Birth, and Sperm Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Nutrients. (2025 May 18)